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The pH value of paper indicates the residual acidic/alkaline chemicals in pulp, or atmospheric pollutants. It is an environmental KPI parameter in paper making. Acidic paper made from wood-based pulp that still contains lignin will deteriorate over time by becoming brittle and turning yellow. [ 1 ]
Litmus paper after being used. The main use of litmus is to test whether a solution is acidic or basic, as blue litmus paper turns red under acidic conditions, and red litmus paper turns blue under basic or alkaline conditions, with the color change occurring over the pH range 4.5–8.3 at 25 °C (77 °F). Neutral litmus paper is purple. [2]
In and of themselves, pH indicators are usually weak acids or weak bases. The general reaction scheme of acidic pH indicators in aqueous solutions can be formulated as: HInd (aq) + H 2 O (l) ⇌ H 3 O + (aq) + Ind − (aq) where, "HInd" is the acidic form and "Ind −" is the conjugate base of the indicator. Vice versa for basic pH indicators ...
A roll of universal indicator paper Colors of universal indicator. A universal indicator is a pH indicator made of a solution of several compounds that exhibit various smooth colour changes over a wide range pH values to indicate the acidity or alkalinity of solutions. A universal indicator can be in paper form or present in a form of a ...
The company Hercules Incorporated developed the first alkaline sizing in the 1950s that made acid-free paper possible. [10] Despite the advances in paper making and the identification of and concern around the brittle book problem, it took decades before the adoption of ANSI NISO Standard Z39.48-1984 - Permanence of Paper for Publications and Documents in Libraries in 1984.
High performance GPU-accelerated ab initio molecular dynamics and TD/DFT software package for very large molecular or even nanoscale systems. Runs on NVIDIA GPUs and 64-bit Linux, has heavily optimized CUDA code. Proprietary, trial licenses available PetaChem LLC: TINKER: I Yes Yes Yes Yes I I Yes Yes Software tools for molecular design-Tinker ...
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The Abaqus product suite consists of five core software products: [5] Abaqus/CAE, or "Complete Abaqus Environment" (a backronym with a root in Computer-Aided Engineering [7]). It is a software application used for both the modeling and analysis of mechanical components and assemblies (pre-processing) and visualizing the finite element analysis ...