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Marie Louise von Franz has studied dream symbols, while James Hillman is more interested in what this other world represents for the dreamer. As a nocturnal theater of symbols, dreams are for Jung a natural production of the unconscious, [D 2] as well as the locus of personality transformation and the path to what Jung calls "individuation ...
Gestalt therapists extended the subjective approach, claiming that even the inanimate objects in a dream can represent aspects of the dreamer. Jung believed that archetypes such as the animus, the anima, the shadow, and others manifested themselves in dreams, as dream symbols or figures. Such figures could take the form of an old man, a young ...
According to Freud dream interpretation was supposed to be guided by patients through free associations to various aspects of the dream, thus leaving room for the interpretation to be tailored to individuals. Freud noted and warned readers that the psychological meaning of objects, people, or events in dreams were not meant to be universal.
This is where the dream may direct feelings or desires onto an unrelated subject. This is similar to the practice of transference, which is a common technique used in psychoanalysis. Another step in the formation of dreams is symbolism. Objects or situations in a dream may represent something else, commonly an unconscious thought or desire.
Interobjects differ from typical dream condensations in which two objects are fused into one. Instead, the condensation is incomplete. Some examples from the literature on dreams include "a piece of hardware, something like the lock of a door or perhaps a pair of paint-frozen hinges" [1] and "something between a record player and a balance scale."
The Meaning of Dreams: 1953 "A Cognitive Theory of Dream Symbols," Journal of General Psychology, 48, 169-186: metaphoric theory of dream symbols 1954: A Primer of Freudian Psychology: 1957: Theories of Personality: 1966: The Content Analysis of Dreams: coding system co-authored with Robert Van de Castle 1970: Dreams, Life, and Literature ...
The psychic counterpart of instinct, archetypes are thought to be the basis of many of the common themes and symbols that appear in stories, myths, and dreams across different cultures and societies. Some examples of archetypes include those of the mother , the child, the trickster , and the flood , among others.
Freud considered that "dreams are brief, meagre and laconic in comparison with the range and wealth of the dream-thoughts." Images and chains of association have their emotional charges displaced from the originating ideas to the receiving one, where they merge and "condense" together. [ 2 ]