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Marie Louise von Franz has studied dream symbols, while James Hillman is more interested in what this other world represents for the dreamer. As a nocturnal theater of symbols, dreams are for Jung a natural production of the unconscious, [D 2] as well as the locus of personality transformation and the path to what Jung calls "individuation ...
Gestalt therapists extended the subjective approach, claiming that even the inanimate objects in a dream can represent aspects of the dreamer. Jung believed that archetypes such as the animus, the anima, the shadow, and others manifested themselves in dreams, as dream symbols or figures. Such figures could take the form of an old man, a young ...
According to Freud dream interpretation was supposed to be guided by patients through free associations to various aspects of the dream, thus leaving room for the interpretation to be tailored to individuals. Freud noted and warned readers that the psychological meaning of objects, people, or events in dreams were not meant to be universal.
Urban semiotics: the study of meaning in urban form as generated by signs, symbols, and their social connotations. Visual semiotics: analyses visual signs; prominent modern founders to this branch are Groupe μ and Göran Sonesson. [63] Semiotics of photography: is the observation of symbolism used within photography.
In Native American Ojibwa culture the human mind was believed to be susceptible to dark spirits, when the mind is weakest (I.e. asleep) and would give bad dreams. In defense the men and women would weave dream catchers. These talismans would let the good dream spirits through, whilst trapping the bad spirits in the pattern. [14] [15] Fish
The psychic counterpart of instinct, archetypes are thought to be the basis of many of the common themes and symbols that appear in stories, myths, and dreams across different cultures and societies. Some examples of archetypes include those of the mother , the child, the trickster , and the flood , among others.
This is where the dream may direct feelings or desires onto an unrelated subject. This is similar to the practice of transference, which is a common technique used in psychoanalysis. Another step in the formation of dreams is symbolism. Objects or situations in a dream may represent something else, commonly an unconscious thought or desire.
Symbolic boundaries are a theory of how people form social groups proposed by cultural sociologists.Symbolic boundaries are “conceptual distinctions made by social actors…that separate people into groups and generate feelings of similarity and group membership.” [1]