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The atmosphere of Earth is composed of a layer of gas mixture that surrounds the Earth 's planetary surface (both lands and oceans), known collectively as air, with variable quantities of suspended aerosols and particulates (which create weather features such as clouds and hazes), all retained by Earth's gravity.
The apparent viscosity of a dilatant fluid is higher when measured at a higher shear rate (η 4 is higher than η 3), while the apparent viscosity of a Bingham plastic is lower (η 2 is lower than η 1). In fluid mechanics, apparent viscosity (sometimes denoted η) [1] is the shear stress applied to a fluid divided by the shear rate:
The atmosphere of Mars is the layer of gases surrounding Mars. It is primarily composed of carbon dioxide (95%), molecular nitrogen (2.85%), and argon (2%). [3] It also contains trace levels of water vapor, oxygen, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and noble gases. [3][5][2] The atmosphere of Mars is much thinner and colder than Earth's having a max ...
The U.S. Standard Atmosphere is a static atmospheric model of how the pressure, temperature, density, and viscosity of the Earth's atmosphere change over a wide range of altitudes or elevations. The model, based on an existing international standard, was first published in 1958 by the U.S. Committee on Extension to the Standard Atmosphere, and ...
An atmosphere (from Ancient Greek ἀτμός (atmós) 'vapour, steam' and σφαῖρα (sphaîra) 'sphere') [1] is a layer of gases that envelop an astronomical object, held in place by the gravity of the object. A planet retains an atmosphere when the gravity is great and the temperature of the atmosphere is low. A stellar atmosphere is the ...
International Standard Atmosphere. The International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) is a static atmospheric model of how the pressure, temperature, density, and viscosity of the Earth's atmosphere change over a wide range of altitudes or elevations. It has been established to provide a common reference for temperature and pressure and consists of ...
t. e. Atmospheric chemistry is a branch of atmospheric science which studies the chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere and that of other planets. [ 1 ] It is a multidisciplinary approach of research and draws on environmental chemistry, physics, meteorology, computer modeling, oceanography, geology and volcanology and other disciplines.
Although oxygen is the most abundant element in Earth's crust, due to its high reactivity it mostly exists in compound (oxide) forms such as water, carbon dioxide, iron oxides and silicates. Before photosynthesis evolved, Earth's atmosphere had no free diatomic elemental oxygen (O 2). [2] Small quantities of oxygen were released by geological ...