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The superior tarsus (tarsus superior; superior tarsal plate), the larger, is of a semilunar form, about 10 mm (0.4 in) in breadth at the center, and gradually narrowing toward its extremities. It is adjoined by the superior tarsal muscle. To the anterior surface of this plate the aponeurosis of the levator palpebrae superioris is attached.
Meibomian glands (also called tarsal glands, palpebral glands, and tarsoconjunctival glands) are sebaceous glands along the rims of the eyelid inside the tarsal plate. They produce meibum , an oily substance that prevents evaporation of the eye's tear film .
The superior tarsal muscle receives its innervation from the sympathetic nervous system. Postganglionic sympathetic fibers originate in the superior cervical ganglion , and travel via the internal carotid plexus , where small branches communicate with the oculomotor nerve as it passes through the cavernous sinus . [ 1 ]
The levator palpebrae superioris receives motor innervation from the superior division of the oculomotor nerve. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The smooth muscle that originates from its undersurface, called the superior tarsal muscle is innervated by postganglionic sympathetic axons from the superior cervical ganglion .
Eyelid edema is a condition in which the eyelids are swollen and tissues contain excess fluid. It may affect eye function when it increases the intraocular pressure. Eyelid edema is caused by allergy, trichiasis or infections. [4] The main symptoms are swollen red eyelids, pain, and itching. Chronic eyelid edema can lead to blepharochalasis.
In the upper eyelid, the orbital septum blends with the tendon of the levator palpebrae superioris, and in the lower eyelid with the tarsal plate. [2]When the eyes are closed, the whole orbital opening is covered by the septum and tarsi.
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Glands of Krause are located in the stroma of the conjunctival fornix, and the glands of Wolfring are located along the orbital border of the tarsal plate. [2] These glands are oval and display numerous acini. The acini are surrounded, sometimes incompletely, by a row of myoepithelial cells.