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In physics, Hooke's law is an empirical law which states that the force (F) needed to extend or compress a spring by some distance (x) scales linearly with respect to that distance—that is, F s = kx, where k is a constant factor characteristic of the spring (i.e., its stiffness), and x is small compared to the total possible deformation of the spring.
The Bogacki–Shampine method is a method for the numerical solution of ordinary differential equations, that was proposed by Przemysław Bogacki and Lawrence F. Shampine in 1989 (Bogacki & Shampine 1989).
By Mercer's theorem, there consequently exists a set λ k, e k (t) of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of T K X forming an orthonormal basis of L 2 ([a,b]), and K X can be expressed as (,) = = () The process X t can be expanded in terms of the eigenfunctions e k as:
Wagner's theorem states that a graph is planar if and only if it has neither K 5 nor K 3,3 as a minor. In other words, the set {K 5, K 3,3} is an obstruction set for the set of all planar graphs, and in fact the unique minimal obstruction set. A similar theorem states that K 4 and K 2,3 are the forbidden minors for the set of outerplanar graphs.
where A is the area of a squircle with minor radius r, is the gamma function. A = ( k + 1 ) ( k + 2 ) π r 2 {\displaystyle A=(k+1)(k+2)\pi r^{2}} where A is the area of an epicycloid with the smaller circle of radius r and the larger circle of radius kr ( k ∈ N {\displaystyle k\in \mathbb {N} } ), assuming the initial point lies on the ...
where E is the Young's modulus of the plate material (assumed homogeneous and isotropic), υ is the Poisson's ratio, h is the thickness of the plate, w is the out–of–plane deflection of the plate, P is the external normal force per unit area of the plate, σ αβ is the Cauchy stress tensor, and α, β are indices that take values of 1 and ...
In mathematics, a functional equation [1] [2] [irrelevant citation] is, in the broadest meaning, an equation in which one or several functions appear as unknowns.So, differential equations and integral equations are functional equations.
Substituting r(cos θ + i sin θ) for e ix and equating real and imaginary parts in this formula gives dr / dx = 0 and dθ / dx = 1. Thus, r is a constant, and θ is x + C for some constant C. The initial values r(0) = 1 and θ(0) = 0 come from e 0i = 1, giving r = 1 and θ = x.