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Cryptography, or cryptology (from Ancient Greek: κρυπτός, romanized: kryptós "hidden, secret"; and γράφειν graphein, "to write", or -λογία-logia, "study", respectively [1]), is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of adversarial behavior. [2]
In the context of cryptography, encryption serves as a mechanism to ensure confidentiality. [1] Since data may be visible on the Internet, sensitive information such as passwords and personal communication may be exposed to potential interceptors. [1] The process of encrypting and decrypting messages involves keys. The two main types of keys in ...
A blockchain is a continuously growing list of records, called blocks, which are linked and secured using cryptography. [59] [61] Each block typically contains a hash pointer as a link to a previous block, [61] a timestamp, and transaction data. [62] By design, blockchains are inherently resistant to modification of the data.
The limited block size and frequency can lead to delayed processing of transactions, increased fees and a bitcoin scalability problem. [99] The Lightning Network, second-layer routing network, is a potential scaling solution. [7]: ch. 8 Research shows a trend towards centralization in bitcoin as miners join pools for stable income.
Phishing is a form of social engineering and a scam where attackers deceive people into revealing sensitive information [1] or installing malware such as viruses, worms, adware, or ransomware.
Flowchart of using successive subtractions to find the greatest common divisor of number r and s. In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm (/ ˈ æ l ɡ ə r ɪ ð əm / ⓘ) is a finite sequence of mathematically rigorous instructions, typically used to solve a class of specific problems or to perform a computation. [1]
The field of statistics is a mathematical application that is employed for the collection and processing of data samples, using procedures based on mathematical methods especially probability theory. Statisticians generate data with random sampling or randomized experiments .