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Fullerenes had been predicted for some time, but only after their accidental synthesis in 1985 were they detected in nature [3] [4] and outer space. [5] [6] The discovery of fullerenes greatly expanded the number of known allotropes of carbon, which had previously been limited to graphite, diamond, and amorphous carbon such as soot and charcoal.
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Besides unfilled fullerenes, endohedral metallofullerenes develop with different cage sizes like La@C 60 or La@C 82 and as different isomer cages. Aside from the dominant presence of mono-metal cages, numerous di-metal endohedral complexes and the tri-metal carbide fullerenes like Sc 3 C 2 @C 80 were also isolated. In 1999 a discovery drew ...
The method was simple and efficient to prepare the material in gram amounts per day (1990) which has boosted the fullerene research and is even today applied for the commercial production of fullerenes. The discovery of practical routes to C 60 led to the exploration of a new field of chemistry involving the study of fullerenes.
Polyfullerene is a basic polymer of the C 60 monomer group, in which fullerene segments are connected via covalent bonds into a polymeric chain without side or bridging groups. They are called intrinsic polymeric fullerenes, or more often all C 60 polymers. Fullerene can be part of a polymer chain in many different ways.
Fullerene or C 60 is soccer-ball-shaped or I h with 12 pentagons and 20 hexagons. According to Euler's theorem these 12 pentagons are required for closure of the carbon network consisting of n hexagons and C 60 is the first stable fullerene because it is the smallest possible to obey this rule.
Exohedral fullerenes, also called exofullerenes, are fullerenes that have additional atoms, ions, or clusters attached their outer spheres, such as C 50 Cl 10 [1] and C 60 H 8. [ 2 ] or fullerene ligands .
Heterofullerenes are classes of fullerenes, at least one carbon atom is replaced by another element. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Based on spectroscopy , substitutions have been reported with boron ( borafullerenes ), [ 3 ] [ 4 ] nitrogen ( azafullerenes ), [ 5 ] [ 6 ] oxygen , [ 7 ] arsenic , germanium , [ 8 ] phosphorus , [ 9 ] silicon , [ 10 ] [ 11 ] iron ...