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After rotation, the aircraft continues to accelerate until it reaches its liftoff speed V LO, at which point it leaves the runway. After liftoff, a speed V 2 will be called out, being the speed at which the aircraft is able to climb at a sufficient rate to reach its cruising altitude, and therefore at which the gear will be retracted. [2]
Flight path angle γ: is the angle between horizontal and the velocity vector, which describes whether the aircraft is climbing or descending. Bank angle μ: represents a rotation of the lift force around the velocity vector, which may indicate whether the airplane is turning.
Magnus effect rotating kites (wing flipping or wing tumbling) that have the rotation axis bluntly normal to the stream direction use autorotation; a net lift is possible that lifts the kite and payload to altitude. The Rotoplane, the UFO rotating kite, and the Skybow rotating ribbon arch kite use the Magnus effect resulting from the ...
The position of all three axes, with the right-hand rule for describing the angle of its rotations. An aircraft in flight is free to rotate in three dimensions: yaw, nose left or right about an axis running up and down; pitch, nose up or down about an axis running from wing to wing; and roll, rotation about an axis running from nose to tail.
Flight dynamics is the science of air-vehicle orientation and control in three dimensions. The critical flight dynamics parameters are the angles of rotation with respect to the three aircraft's principal axes about its center of gravity, known as roll, pitch and yaw.
The Cessna Citation Excel is an American midsize business jet in the Cessna Citation family. Announced in October 1994, the Model 560XL first flew on February 29, 1996, certification was granted in April 1998, and over 1,000 have been delivered.
Spin — an aggravated stall and autorotation. In flight dynamics a spin is a special category of stall resulting in autorotation (uncommanded roll) about the aircraft's longitudinal axis and a shallow, rotating, downward path approximately centred on a vertical axis. [1]
Used instead of V R (in discussions of the takeoff performance of military aircraft) to denote rotation speed in conjunction with the term V ref (refusal speed). [19] V Ref: Landing reference speed or threshold crossing speed. [7] [8] [9] Must be at least 1.3 V S 0. Must be at least V MC for reciprocating-engine aircraft, or 1.05 V MC for ...