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Common examples of neurotoxins include lead, [7] ethanol (drinking alcohol), [8] glutamate, [9] nitric oxide, [10] botulinum toxin (e.g. Botox), [11] tetanus toxin, [12] and tetrodotoxin. [6] Some substances such as nitric oxide and glutamate are in fact essential for proper function of the body and only exert neurotoxic effects at excessive ...
Acquired hemolytic anemia: Cold hemagglutinin disease: D59.1: 2949: Cold hemagglutinin disease (also known as cold agglutinin disease and autoimmune anemia due to cold-reactive antibodies)is an autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of high concentrations of circulating antibodies, usually IgM, directed against red blood cells. [44]
This may be due to the direct action of the substance, with the impairment and neurocognitive deficits being temporary, and resolving when the substance is eliminated from the body. In some cases the level or exposure-time may be critical, with some substances only becoming neurotoxic in certain doses or time periods.
Anatoxin-a is a neurotoxin produced by multiple genera of freshwater cyanobacteria that are found in water bodies globally. [3] Some freshwater cyanobacteria are known to be salt tolerant and thus it is possible for anatoxin-a to be found in estuarine or other saline environments. [4]
At blood lead levels between 25 and 60 μg/dL, neuropsychiatric effects such as delayed reaction times, irritability, and difficulty concentrating, as well as slowed motor nerve conduction and headache can occur. [40] Anemia may appear at blood lead levels higher than 50 μg/dL. [36]
A monoamine neurotoxin, or monoaminergic neurotoxin, is a drug that selectively damages or destroys monoaminergic neurons. [1] Monoaminergic neurons are neurons that signal via stimulation by monoamine neurotransmitters including serotonin , dopamine , and norepinephrine .
Pernicious anemia is a disease where not enough red blood cells are produced due to a deficiency of vitamin B 12. [5] Those affected often have a gradual onset. [ 5 ] The most common initial symptoms are feeling tired and weak. [ 4 ]
Brevetoxin (PbTx), or brevetoxins, are a suite of cyclic polyether compounds produced naturally by a species of dinoflagellate known as Karenia brevis.Brevetoxins are neurotoxins that bind to voltage-gated sodium channels in nerve cells, leading to disruption of normal neurological processes and causing the illness clinically described as neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP). [1]