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Significant blood loss after childbirth, increased heart rate, feeling faint upon standing, increased breath rate [1] [2] Causes: Poor contraction of the uterus, not all the placenta removed, tear of the uterus, poor blood clotting [2] Risk factors: Anemia, Asian ethnicity, more than one baby, obesity, age older than 40 years [2] Prevention
The bleeding can be from the uterus, cervix, vagina and other tissue or organs located near the vagina. [4] Postcoital bleeding can be one of the first indications of cervical cancer. [5] [6] There are other reasons why vaginal bleeding may occur after intercourse. Some women will bleed after intercourse for the first time but others will not.
Hysterectomy (surgical removal of the uterus) can also be offered [11] to patients >40 years of age or those for whom sterilisation is not an obstacle. It may be required for those with severe infection and uncontrolled bleeding. Choriocarcinoma arising in the testicle is rare, malignant and highly resistant to chemotherapy.
After labor it is the contraction of these muscles that physically squeeze the blood vessels so that hemostasis can occur after the delivery of the fetus and the placenta. [1] Local hemostatic factors like tissue factor type-1 plasminogen activator inhibitor and platelets and clotting factors aid in stopping the blood flow.
Bleeding before childbirth is that which occurs after 24 weeks of pregnancy. [4] Bleeding may be vaginal or less commonly into the abdominal cavity. Bleeding which occurs before 24 weeks is known as early pregnancy bleeding. Causes of bleeding before and during childbirth include cervicitis, placenta previa, placental abruption and uterine rupture.
Endometriosis has a 10% recurrence rate after hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. [145] Endometriosis recurrence following conservative surgery is estimated as 21.5% at 2 years and 40-50% at 5 years. [146] Recurrence rate for DIE after surgery is less than 1%. [147]
In the UK the use of hysterectomy for heavy menstrual bleeding has been almost halved between 1989 and 2003. [70] This has a number of causes: better medical management, endometrial ablation and particularly the introduction of IUS [ 71 ] [ 72 ] which may be inserted in the community and avoid the need for specialist referral; in one study up ...
This bleeding may originate from the uterus, vaginal wall, or cervix. [1] Generally, it is either part of a normal menstrual cycle or is caused by hormonal or other problems of the reproductive system, such as abnormal uterine bleeding. Regular monthly vaginal bleeding during the reproductive years, menstruation, is a