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A placebo control group [3] [4] can be used to support a double-blind study, in which some subjects are given an ineffective treatment (in medical studies typically a sugar pill) to minimize differences in the experiences of subjects in the different groups; this is done in a way that ensures no participant in the experiment (subject or ...
The definition of placebo has been debated. [17] One definition states that a treatment process is a placebo when none of the characteristic treatment factors are effective (remedial or harmful) in the patient for a given disease. [18]
The magnitude of the placebo response: the difference between P and NH (i.e., P-NH). It is a matter of interpretation whether the value of P-NH indicates the efficacy of the entire treatment process or the magnitude of the "placebo response". The results of these comparisons then determine whether or not a particular drug is considered efficacious.
A nocebo effect is said to occur when a patient's expectations for a treatment cause the treatment to have a worse effect than it otherwise would have. [1] [2] For example, when a patient anticipates a side effect of a medication, they can experience that effect even if the "medication" is actually an inert substance. [1]
A list of 'effects' that have been noticed in the field of psychology. [clarification needed] Ambiguity effect; ... Placebo effect; Pluralistic ignorance; Positivity ...
In scientific research and psychotherapy, the subject-expectancy effect, is a form of reactivity that occurs when a research subject expects a given result and therefore unconsciously affects the outcome, or reports the expected result.
Observer-expectancy effect (cognitive biases) (cognitive psychology) Occlusion effect (biology) (otology) Octave effect (effects units) Okorokov effect (physics) Oligodynamic effect (biology and pharmacology of chemical elements) Online disinhibition effect (Internet culture) (psychology) Onnes effect (condensed matter physics) (fluid mechanics ...
A common cause for unblinding is the presence of side effects (or effects) in the treatment group. In pharmacological trials, premature unblinding can be reduced with the use of an active placebo, which conceals treatment allocation by ensuring the presence of side effects in both groups. [21]