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Phase shift torque meters can measure shaft power to 0.1% accuracy in R & D applications, and to 1.0% when designed for permanent installation, both at confidence levels of 95%. [ 3 ] As of 1991, phase shift torque measurement instrumentation had been installed on gas turbine systems with a total power of 2 GW, with over 2 million operational ...
The first electric-powered torque amplifier was invented in 1925 by Henry W. Nieman of the Bethlehem Steel Company of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. [1] It was intended to allow manual control of heavy equipment; e.g., industrial cranes, artillery, etc. Vannevar Bush used Nieman's torque amplifier as part of his differential analyzer project at M.I.T in the early 1930s. [2]
The torque on the aircraft from a pair of contra-rotating propellers effectively cancels out. Contra-rotating propellers have been found to be between 6% and 16% more efficient than normal propellers. [4] However they can be very noisy, with increases in noise in the axial (forward and aft) direction of up to 30 dB, and tangentially 10 dB. [4]
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A shallower angle of attack requires the least torque, but the highest RPM, because the propeller is not moving very much air with each revolution. This is similar to a car operating in low gear . When the motorist reaches cruising speed, they will slow down the engine by shifting into a higher gear, while still producing enough power to keep ...
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The configuration can also be used in helicopter designs termed coaxial rotors, where similar issues and principles of torque apply. Contra-rotating propellers should not be confused with counter-rotating propellers, a term which describes propellers rotating in opposite directions but sitting apart from each other on separate shafts instead of ...
Counter-rotating propellers generally turn clockwise on the left engine and counterclockwise on the right. The advantage of such designs is that counter-rotating propellers balance the effects of torque and P-factor, meaning that such aircraft do not have a critical engine in the case of engine failure.