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The economists Harry White (left) and John Maynard Keynes at the Bretton Woods Conference [27]. The WTO precursor General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was established by a multilateral treaty of 23 countries in 1947 after World War II in the wake of other new multilateral institutions dedicated to international economic cooperation—such as the World Bank (founded 1944) and the ...
March 1948 - Charter of the ITO signed but US Congress rejects it, leaving GATT as the only international instrument governing world trade. 1949 - Second GATT Round of trade talks held at Annecy, France. 1950 - Third GATT Round held in Torquay, England. 1956 - The Geneva Round completed in May 1956, resulting in $2.5 billion in tariff reductions.
The GATT was the only multilateral instrument governing international trade from 1946 until the WTO was established on 1 January 1995. [9] Despite attempts in the mid-1950s and 1960s to create some form of institutional mechanism for international trade, the GATT continued to operate for almost half a century as a semi-institutionalized multilateral treaty regime on a provisional basis. [10]
It remained in effect until 1 January 1995, when the World Trade Organization (WTO) was established after agreement by 123 nations in Marrakesh on 15 April 1994, as part of the Uruguay Round Agreements. The WTO is the successor to the GATT, and the original GATT text (GATT 1947) is still in effect under the WTO framework, subject to the ...
The original members of the World Trade Organization are the parties to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) after ratifying the Uruguay Round Agreements, [1] and the European Communities. They obtained this status at the entry into force on 1 January 1995 or upon their date of ratification.
International organizations play a central role in the liberal order. The World Trade Organization, for example, creates and implements free trade agreements, while the World Bank provides aid to developing countries. The order is also premised on the notion that liberal trade and free markets will contribute to global prosperity and peace ...
The Tokyo Round was a multi-year multilateral trade negotiation (MTN) between the 102 states which were parties to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The negotiations resulted in reduced tariffs and established new regulations aimed at controlling the proliferation of non-tariff barriers (NTBs) and voluntary export restrictions.
[17] [18] After China joined the World Trade Organization (WTO), its service sector was considerably liberalized and foreign investment was allowed; its restrictions on retail, wholesale and distribution ended. [19] Banking, financial services, insurance and telecommunications in China were also opened up to foreign investment. [20]