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  2. Great-circle distance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great-circle_distance

    A diagram illustrating great-circle distance (drawn in red) between two points on a sphere, P and Q. Two antipodal points, u and v are also shown. The great-circle distance, orthodromic distance, or spherical distance is the distance between two points on a sphere, measured along the great-circle arc between them. This arc is the shortest path ...

  3. Spherical coordinate system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_coordinate_system

    For example, one sphere that is described in Cartesian coordinates with the equation x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = c 2 can be described in spherical coordinates by the simple equation r = c. (In this system—shown here in the mathematics convention—the sphere is adapted as a unit sphere, where the radius is set to unity and then can generally be ignored ...

  4. Sphere - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere

    A sphere (from Greek σφαῖρα, sphaîra) [1] is a geometrical object that is a three-dimensional analogue to a two-dimensional circle.Formally, a sphere is the set of points that are all at the same distance r from a given point in three-dimensional space. [2]

  5. Spherical trigonometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_trigonometry

    The sphere's radius is taken as unity. For specific practical problems on a sphere of radius R the measured lengths of the sides must be divided by R before using the identities given below. Likewise, after a calculation on the unit sphere the sides a, b, and c must be multiplied by R.

  6. Line–sphere intersection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line–sphere_intersection

    In vector notation, the equations are as follows: . Equation for a sphere ‖ ‖ = : points on the sphere : center point : radius of the sphere; Equation for a line starting at

  7. Spherical cap - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_cap

    For example, assuming the Earth is a sphere of radius 6371 km, the surface area of the arctic (north of the Arctic Circle, at latitude 66.56° as of August 2016 [7]) is 2π ⋅ 6371 2 | sin 90° − sin 66.56° | = 21.04 million km 2 (8.12 million sq mi), or 0.5 ⋅ | sin 90° − sin 66.56° | = 4.125% of the total surface area of the Earth.

  8. Haversine formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haversine_formula

    The haversine formula determines the great-circle distance between two points on a sphere given their longitudes and latitudes.Important in navigation, it is a special case of a more general formula in spherical trigonometry, the law of haversines, that relates the sides and angles of spherical triangles.

  9. Spherical circle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_circle

    If the sphere is isometrically embedded in Euclidean space, the sphere's intersection with a plane is a circle, which can be interpreted extrinsically to the sphere as a Euclidean circle: a locus of points in the plane at a constant Euclidean distance (the extrinsic radius) from a point in the plane (the extrinsic center). A great circle lies ...