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An open (single envelope) CFL [12] An encapsulated/closed (double envelope) CFL. Some fluorescent lamps emit ultraviolet radiation. [citation needed] The Health Protection Agency of the United Kingdom has conducted research concluding that exposure to open (single envelope) compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) for over 1 hour per day at a distance of less than 30 cm can exceed guideline levels as ...
Fluorescent lamps with magnetic ballasts flicker at a normally unnoticeable frequency of 100 or 120 Hz and this flickering can cause problems for some individuals with light sensitivity; [69] they are listed as problematic for some individuals with autism, epilepsy, [70] lupus, [71] chronic fatigue syndrome, Lyme disease, [72] and vertigo. [73]
Circular and U-shaped lamps were devised to reduce the length of fluorescent light fixtures. The first fluorescent light bulb and fixture were displayed to the general public at the 1939 New York World's Fair. The spiral CFL was invented in 1976 by Edward E. Hammer, an engineer with General Electric, [7] in response to the 1973 oil crisis. [8]
The fluorescent chemicals in fluorescent paint absorb the invisible UV radiation, then emit the energy as longer wavelength visible light of a particular color. Human eyes perceive this light as the unusual 'glow' of fluorescence. The painted surface also reflects any ordinary visible light striking it, which tends to wash out the dim ...
Discharge tubes with hot cathodes have an envelope filled with low-pressure gas and containing two electrodes. Hot cathode devices include common vacuum tubes, fluorescent lamps, high-pressure discharge lamps and vacuum fluorescent displays. The surface of cold cathodes can emit secondary electrons at a ratio greater than unity (breakdown). An ...
By mixing these compounds with shellac, they invented the first black light fluorescent paints. [3] Joseph used these paints in his amateur magic show and sold magic kits based on the black light fluorescent costumes they created. [3] The brothers established the Fluor-S-Art Co. in 1934 to develop and sell black light paints for advertising ...
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Cross section of a typical fluorescent lamp with and without a reflector. Some lamps have an internal opaque reflector. Coverage of the reflector ranges from 120° to 310° of the lamp's circumference. Reflector lamps are used when light is only desired to be emitted in a single direction, or when an application requires the maximum amount of ...