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Presidential dollar coins (authorized by Pub. L. 109–145 (text), 119 Stat. 2664, enacted December 22, 2005) are a series of United States dollar coins with engravings of relief portraits of U.S. presidents on the obverse and the Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World) on the reverse.
The rupiah–dollar rate was at Rp2,436 to one dollar on 11 July. It fell to Rp2,663 by 14 August and Rp2,955 by 15 August – a 122% fall. Government debt (Bank Indonesia Certificates or SBI) rose from 12% to 30%, and overnight call rates reached 81% (per annum).
The first coin-like products found in Indonesia date from the 9th century Buddhist Sailendran dynasty and were produced in Indonesia until the 12th century: gold and silver massa (emas is the modern Indonesian word for "gold"), tahil and kupang, often described with the letter ma for massa or the image of sandalwood flower.
As a result of the successful re-establishment of coinage in Indonesia, notes below 100 rupiah were withdrawn in Indonesia permanently from 1 September 1975 (at which point the exchange rate was fixed at 415 rupiah to the dollar, hence the largest denomination banknote to be withdrawn, the 50 rupiah note, was worth around US$0.10).
Due to poor bank lending practices, many Indonesian companies borrowed cheaper US dollar loans while their income is mainly in Indonesian rupiah. The weakening rupiah spurred panic buying of US dollar by these companies, causing the Indonesian rupiah to drop in value from a pre-crisis level of Rp. 2,600 to a low point in early 1998 of around Rp ...
In 1993, a polymer Rp50,000 rupiah note, worth approximately US$24.15 at the time of its release on 18 February (assuming that the exchange rate was Rp2,070 per 1 US dollar at that time period), was issued to celebrate "25 Years of Development" under the New Order; it was the first in Indonesia.
The Indonesian one hundred thousand rupiah banknote (Rp100,000) is a denomination of the Indonesian rupiah. Being the highest and second-newest denomination of the rupiah (after the Rp2,000 note), it was first introduced on November 1, 1999, as a polymer banknote [1] [2] before switching to cotton paper in 2004; [3] all notes have been printed using the latter ever since.
The palace is considered an architectural and construction marvel exhibiting Indonesian capability in art, science, and technology. [2] [4] Garuda Palace is the second Indonesian presidential palace to be built after the Proclamation of Independence in 1945, after the Tampaksiring Palace in Bali.