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  2. Periodic table - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table

    The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements, organized by their atomic number, electron configuration, and chemical properties. It is a useful tool for understanding the patterns and trends of the elements and their interactions. Learn more about the history, structure, and significance of the periodic table on Wikipedia.

  3. Main-group element - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main-group_element

    In chemistry and atomic physics, the main group is the group of elements (sometimes called the representative elements) whose lightest members are represented by helium, lithium, beryllium, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine as arranged in the periodic table of the elements. The main group includes the elements (except hydrogen ...

  4. Atom - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom

    An element's atomic number, which is defined as the element's position on the periodic table, is also the number of protons it has in its nucleus. The atomic weight of each element is higher than its proton number, so Rutherford hypothesized that the surplus weight was carried by unknown particles with no electric charge and a mass equal to ...

  5. History of the periodic table - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_periodic_table

    The history of the periodic table is also a history of the discovery of the chemical elements. The first person in recorded history to discover a new element was Hennig Brand, a bankrupt German merchant. Brand tried to discover the philosopher's stone —a mythical object that was supposed to turn inexpensive base metals into gold.

  6. Group (periodic table) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)

    In the periodic table of the elements, each column is a group. In chemistry, a group (also known as a family) [1] is a column of elements in the periodic table of the chemical elements. There are 18 numbered groups in the periodic table; the 14 f-block columns, between groups 2 and 3, are not numbered. The elements in a group have similar ...

  7. Group 8 element - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_8_element

    synthetic element. Atomic number color: black=solid. Group 8 is a group (column) of chemical elements in the periodic table. It consists of iron (Fe), ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os) and hassium (Hs). [ 1] ". Group 8" is the modern standard designation for this group, adopted by the IUPAC in 1990. [ 1] It should not be confused with "group VIIIA ...

  8. Atomic number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_number

    Atomic number is the number of protons, and therefore also the total positive charge, in the atomic nucleus. The Rutherford–Bohr model of the hydrogen atom ( Z = 1) or a hydrogen-like ion ( Z > 1 ). In this model, it is an essential feature that the photon energy (or frequency) of the electromagnetic radiation emitted (shown) when an electron ...

  9. Charge number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_number

    Charges that are positive are called cations. Charges that are negative are called anions. Elements in the same group have the same charge. A group in the periodic table is a term used to represent the vertical columns. The noble gases of the periodic table do not have a charge because they are nonreactive. Noble gases are considered stable ...

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