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Clay minerals are hydrous aluminium phyllosilicates (e.g. kaolin, Al 2 Si 2 O 5 ( OH) 4 ), sometimes with variable amounts of iron, magnesium, alkali metals, alkaline earths, and other cations found on or near some planetary surfaces . Clay minerals form in the presence of water [ 1] and have been important to life, and many theories of ...
A Quaternary clay deposit in Estonia, laid down about 400,000 years ago. Clay is a type of fine-grained natural soil material containing clay minerals [ 1] (hydrous aluminium phyllosilicates, e.g. kaolinite, Al 2 Si 2 O 5 ( OH) 4 ). Most pure clay minerals are white or light-coloured, but natural clays show a variety of colours from impurities ...
Kaolinite ( / ˈkeɪ.ələˌnaɪt, - lɪ -/ KAY-ə-lə-nyte, -lih-; also called kaolin) [ 5][ 6][ 7] is a clay mineral, with the chemical composition: Al 2 Si 2 O 5 ( OH) 4. It is a layered silicate mineral, with one tetrahedral sheet of silica ( SiO4) linked through oxygen atoms to one octahedral sheet of alumina ( AlO6 ).
Smectite. A smectite (from Ancient Greek σμηκτός (smēktós) 'lubricated'; from σμηκτρίς (smēktrís) 'walker's earth, fuller's earth '; lit. 'rubbing earth; earth that has the property of cleaning') [ 1] is a mineral mixture of various swelling sheet silicates ( phyllosilicates ), which have a three-layer 2:1 (TOT) structure and ...
The chlorites are the group of phyllosilicate minerals common in low-grade metamorphic rocks and in altered igneous rocks. Greenschist, formed by metamorphism of basalt or other low-silica volcanic rock, typically contains significant amounts of chlorite. Chlorite minerals show a wide variety of compositions, in which magnesium, iron, aluminium ...
Aquamarine variety of beryl with tourmaline on orthoclase. Arsenopyrite from Hidalgo del Parral, Chihuahua, Mexico. Aurichalcite needles spraying out within a protected pocket lined by bladed calcite crystals. Austinite from the Ojuela Mine, Mapimí, Durango, Mexico. Ametrine containing amethyst and citrine, from Bolivia.
Clastic rock. A thin section of a clast (sand grain), derived from a basalt scoria. Vesicles (air bubbles) can be seen throughout the clast. Plane light above, cross- polarized light below. Scale box is 0.25 mm. Clastic rocks are composed of fragments, or clasts, of pre-existing minerals and rock. A clast is a fragment of geological detritus ...
Ball clay. Ball clays are kaolinitic sedimentary clays that commonly consist of 20–80% kaolinite, 10–25% mica and 6–65% quartz, along with small amounts of organic matter (such as lignite) and trace amounts of other minerals such as pyrite and siderite . They are a common raw material for various types of ceramics, where their primary ...
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