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The dilution effect shows the idea that an individual in a large group will have a reduced risk of predation compared to an individual in a small group or a solitary individual. Hence the risk is ‘diluted’ among the other members in a group. It is important to note however; this effect only occurs where predators are unable to capture all ...
A dilution effect is seen when animals living in a group "dilute" their risk of attack, each individual being just one of many in the group. George C. Williams and W.D. Hamilton proposed that group living evolved because it provides benefits to the individual rather than to the group as a whole, which becomes more conspicuous as it becomes larger.
A second potential anti-predator effect of animal aggregations is the "many eyes" hypothesis. This theory states that as the size of the group increases, the task of scanning the environment for predators can be spread out over many individuals.
A flock of auklets exhibit swarm behaviour. Swarm behaviour, or swarming, is a collective behaviour exhibited by entities, particularly animals, of similar size which aggregate together, perhaps milling about the same spot or perhaps moving en masse or migrating in some direction.
In it Burnet expanded the ideas of Talmage and named the resulting theory the "clonal selection theory". He further formalised the theory in his 1959 book The Clonal Selection Theory of Acquired Immunity. He explained immunological memory as the cloning of two types of lymphocyte. One clone acts immediately to combat infection whilst the other ...
The strong Allee effect is a demographic Allee effect with a critical population size or density. The weak Allee effect is a demographic Allee effect without a critical population size or density. The distinction between the two terms is based on whether or not the population in question exhibits a critical population size or density. A ...
The proper way of applying the abstract mathematics of the theorem to actual biology has been a matter of some debate, however, it is a true theorem. [3] It states: "The rate of increase in fitness of any organism at any time is equal to its genetic variance in fitness at that time." [4] Or in more modern terminology:
[2] in other words, when some factor is sufficient to cause an effect, the presence of the cause guarantees the occurrence of the effect. [3] However, a different cause z may also cause y, meaning that y may occur without x occurring. [2] [3] For a concrete example, consider the conditional statement "if an object is a square, then it has four ...