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In modern times, kafir is sometimes applied to self-professed Muslims, [17] [18] [19] particularly by members of Islamist movements. [20] The act of declaring another self-professed Muslim a kafir is known as takfir, [21] a practice that has been condemned but also employed in theological and political polemics over the centuries. [22]
Kafiristan or Kafirstan is normally taken to mean "land [] of the kafirs" in the Persian language, where the name کافر kafir is derived from the Arabic كافر kāfir, literally meaning a person who refuses to accept a principle of any nature and figuratively as a person refusing to accept Islam as his faith; it is commonly translated into English as a "non-believer".
However, the Kharijite notion of unbelief (kufr) differed from the mainstream Muslim definition, which understood a kafir as someone who was a non-Muslim. To the Kharijites, kufr implied a defective Muslim, or pseudo-Muslim, who rejected true Islam. [ 129 ]
Ahl al-fatrah, those who never received the call to Islam during their life; Those who suffered deafness before the teaching of Islam reached them; Those with mental illness and severe insanity (in another Hadith with similar narration also those with mental deficiancy or low intelligence disabilities which prevent them to understand Islam ...
Munafiq is a person who in public and in community shows that he is a Muslim but rejects Islam or speaks against it either in his heart or among the enemies of Islam. The hypocrisy itself is called nifāq (نفاق). [2]
Zandaqa was viewed as a threat to Islam, to Muslim society, and to the state. [7] In the eighth century, Islamic norms were still under development and had not yet crystallized, and Muslims were still a small minority in the vast territories ruled by the caliphate, and even those who had converted were perceived to have been only "imperfectly ...
Certain sects of Islam, such as Wahhabism, include as kafir those Muslims who undertake Sufi shrine pilgrimage and follow Shia teachings about Imams. [41] [42] [43] [page needed] Similarly, in Africa and South Asia, certain sects of Islam such as Hausas, Ahmadi, Akhbaris have been repeatedly declared as Kufir or infidels by other sects of Muslims.
Doa dan hiburan : Bagi orang sakit dan terkena musibah [Prayer and consolation: For people who are sick and affected by disaster] (in Indonesian). Pustaka Imam Syafi'i. ISBN 979-3536-34-9. Yazid, Abdul Qadir (2005). Dunia Ini Adalah Tempat Cobaan dan Ujian [This World Is a Place of temptations and Trials] (in Indonesian). Pustaka Imam Syafi'i.