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Ketone bodies are produced mainly in the mitochondria of liver cells, and synthesis can occur in response to an unavailability of blood glucose, such as during fasting. [4] Other cells, e.g. human astrocytes, are capable of carrying out ketogenesis, but they are not as effective at doing so. [6] Ketogenesis occurs constantly in a healthy ...
Protein toxicity is the effect of the buildup of protein metabolic waste compounds, like urea, uric acid, ammonia, and creatinine.Protein toxicity has many causes, including urea cycle disorders, genetic mutations, excessive protein intake, and insufficient kidney function, such as chronic kidney disease and acute kidney injury.
Due to the blood–brain barrier, it would be fairly difficult for the body to constantly replace microglia. Therefore, instead of constantly being replaced with myeloid progenitor cells , the microglia maintain their status quo while in their quiescent state, and then, when they are activated, they rapidly proliferate in order to keep their ...
Sleep deprivation can sometimes be self-imposed due to a lack of desire to sleep or the habitual use of stimulant drugs. Revenge Bedtime Procrastination is a need to stay up late after a busy day to feel like the day is longer, leading to sleep deprivation from staying up and wanting to make the day "seem/feel" longer. [136]
Lack of insulin leads to the release of amino acids from the muscle fiber. Amino acids are released from the muscle fiber, which get converted into glucose in the liver. The glucose produced becomes abundant in the bloodstream. Fatty acids and glycerol are released from the adipose tissue, which get converted into ketones in the liver.
Edema results from a loss of fluid balance between the hydrostatic and oncotic pressures across the capillary blood vessel walls [2] due to the lack of protein which affects the body's ability to draw fluid from the tissues into the bloodstream. Low albumin concentration influences negatively the strength of oncotic pressure.
Additionally, lack of sleep causes increased anxiety-like behaviors and impairs the brain's ability to block out unimportant stimuli when performing tasks requiring attention. Disruptions in important brain circuits and the downregulation of proteins necessary for cognitive stability are the causes of these behavioral abnormalities. [30]
Amoebic dysentery is particularly common in parts of the world where human feces are used as fertilizer. After entering the person's body through the mouth, the cyst travels down into the stomach. The amoebae inside the cyst are protected from the stomach's digestive acid.