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A simplified but non-POSIX conforming form of the command, command > file 2 > & 1 is (not available in Bourne Shell prior to version 4, final release, or in the standard shell Debian Almquist shell used in Debian/Ubuntu): command & >file or command > & file. It is possible to use 2>&1 before ">" but the result is commonly misunderstood. The ...
The tee command is normally used to split the output of a program so that it can be both displayed and saved in a file. The command can be used to capture intermediate output before the data is altered by another command or program. The tee command reads standard input, then writes its content to standard output. It simultaneously copies the ...
Process substitution can also be used to capture output that would normally go to a file, and redirect it to the input of a process. The Bash syntax for writing to a process is >(command). Here is an example using the tee, wc and gzip commands that counts the lines in a file with wc -l and compresses it with gzip in one pass:
This is because the redirection form opens the file as the stdin file descriptor which command can fully access, while the cat form simply provides the data as a stream of bytes. Another common case where cat is unnecessary is where a command defaults to operating on stdin, but will read from a file, if the filename is given as an argument.
Change the file ownership PDP-7 UNIX cksum: Filesystem Mandatory Write file checksums and sizes 4.4BSD cmp: Filesystem Mandatory Compare two files; see also diff Version 1 AT&T UNIX comm: Text processing Mandatory Select or reject lines common to two files Version 4 AT&T UNIX command: Shell programming Mandatory Execute a simple command ...
Changes the permissions of a file or directory cp: Copies a file or directory dd: Copies and converts a file df: Shows disk free space on file systems dir: Is exactly like "ls -C -b". (Files are by default listed in columns and sorted vertically.) dircolors: Set up color for ls: install: Copies files and set attributes ln: Creates a link to a ...
PDFtk (short for PDF Toolkit) is a toolkit for manipulating Portable Document Format (PDF) documents. [3] [4] It runs on Linux, Windows and macOS. [5] It comes in three versions: PDFtk Server (open-source command-line tool), PDFtk Free and PDFtk Pro (proprietary paid). [2] It is able to concatenate, shuffle, split and rotate PDF files.
For example, to list files in the current directory , retain only the lines of ls output containing the string "key" , and view the result in a scrolling page , a user types the following into the command line of a terminal: