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Descriptions of children with symptoms similar to contemporary concepts of mania date back to the 18th century. In 1898, a detailed psychiatric case history was published about a 13-year-old that met Jean-Pierre Falret and Jules Baillarger 's criteria for folie circulaire , which is congruent to the modern conception of bipolar I disorder .
The Child Mania Rating Scales (CMRS) is a 21-item diagnostic screening measure designed to identify symptoms of mania in children and adolescents aged 9–17 using diagnostic criteria from the DSM-IV, developed by Pavuluri and colleagues. [1] There is also a 10-item short form. [2]
Daily Assessment of Symptoms – Anxiety; Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 (GAD-7) [4] [5] Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) [6] [7] Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; Panic and Agoraphobia Scale (PAS) Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS) PTSD Symptom Scale – Self-Report Version; Screen for child anxiety related disorders
Most of the other disorders diagnosed in infancy, childhood, or adolescence involve anxiety. If the child is continually put in anxiety producing situations, they could show symptoms of these disorders. Usually, the symptoms will be mild and the child will not get help, which may cause the symptoms to become worse. [21]
An alternate, widely used classification publication is the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), produced by the World Health Organization (WHO). [13] The ICD has a broader scope than the DSM, covering overall health as well as mental health; chapter 6 of the ICD specifically covers mental, behavioral and neurodevelopmental disorders.
Mania is a syndrome with multiple causes. [6] Although the vast majority of cases occur in the context of bipolar disorder, it is a key component of other psychiatric disorders (such as schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type) and may also occur secondary to various general medical conditions, such as multiple sclerosis; certain medications may perpetuate a manic state, for example prednisone ...
A similar scale was later developed to allow clinicians to interview parents about their children's symptoms, in order to ascertain a better diagnosis of mania in children. This parent version (P-YMRS) can be completed by a parent or a teacher to determine whether a child should receive further evaluation from a psychologist or psychiatrist. [2]
Prodrome symptom detection has been shown to be used effectively to anticipate onset of manic episodes [61] [62] and requires close monitoring of bipolar symptoms. Because the offset of the symptoms is often gradual, even subtle mood changes and activity levels are monitored to help avoid a relapse. [ 63 ]