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Dysgraphia; Other names: Disorder of written expression: Three handwritten repetitions of the phrase "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog" on lined paper.The writing, by an adult with dysgraphia, exhibits variations in letter formation, inconsistent spacing, and irregular alignment, all key characteristics of the condition.
This disorder is also generally concurrent with disorders of reading and/or mathematics, as well as disorders related to behavior. Since it is so often associated with other learning disorders and mental problems, it is uncertain whether it can appear by itself; [3] and dysgraphia can be considered to be a specific form of the disorder. [4]
[1] [2] Patients observe these symptoms and seek medical advice from healthcare professionals. Because most people are not diagnostically trained or knowledgeable, they typically describe their symptoms in layman's terms, rather than using specific medical terminology. This list is not exhaustive.
Focal' refers to the symptoms being limited to one location (the hand in this case), and 'task-specific' means that symptoms first occur only when the individual engages in a particular activity. Writer's cramp first affects an individual by interfering with their ability to write, especially for prolonged periods of time.
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As adults, tasks such as driving a car or navigating to an unfamiliar location may be difficult. Difficulty with keeping track of responsibilities or managing social interactions may affect job performance. [10] People with NVLD may also fit the diagnostic criteria of dyscalculia, [14] [15] dysgraphia, [16] [17] [18] or dyspraxia. [19] [20]
Adult Self-Report (ASR) – To be completed by the adult. This assesses the adult's adaptive functioning, strengths, and problems. Adult Behavior Checklist (ABCL) – To be completed by a known individual of the adult, meant to reflect answers provided on the ASR. Brief Problem Monitor for Ages 18-59 (BPM/18-59) Older adult assessments:
Dysorthography is a disorder of spelling which accompanies dyslexia by a direct consequence of the phonological disorder. [1] [2] In the American classification from the American Psychiatric Association (APA) and the classification from the World Health Organization (WHO), it is a subtype of specific learning disorder with impairment in written expression.