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The title essay is an address given to the graduating class of the United States Military Academy on March 6, 1974, in which Rand argues that philosophy plays a central role in all human activities, that every action or thought has certain assumptions, and that humans need to examine those assumptions to live a full, meaningful life. Another ...
Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is distinguished from other ways of addressing fundamental questions (such as mysticism , myth ) by being critical and generally systematic and by its reliance on rational argument . [ 3 ]
In Think, Blackburn introduces major philosophical fields, such as epistemology, philosophy of the mind, free will, political philosophy, and philosophy of religion, by narrating how key figures in the history of Western philosophy including René Descartes, David Hume, Immanuel Kant, and Ludwig Wittgenstein addressed key concepts in each ...
An example of this usage is the 1687 book Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica by Isaac Newton. This book referred to natural philosophy in its title, but it is today considered a book of physics. [9] The meaning of philosophy changed toward the end of the modern period when it acquired the more narrow meaning common today. In this new ...
Paul Benacerraf and Hilary Putnam, Philosophy of Mathematics: Selected Readings, 1964/1983; Ian Hacking, The Emergence of Probability: A Philosophical Study of Early Ideas about Probability, Induction and Statistical Inference, 1975; Imre Lakatos, Proofs and Refutations, 1976; Penelope Maddy, Realism in Mathematics, 1990
To give an example: the ideal form of a circle is a perfect circle, something that is physically impossible to make manifest; yet the circles we draw and observe clearly have some idea in common—the ideal form. Plato proposed that these ideas are eternal and vastly superior to their manifestations, and that we understand these manifestations ...
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In philosophy, a theory of everything (ToE) is an ultimate, all-encompassing explanation or description of nature or reality. [1] [2] [3] Adopting the term from physics, where the search for a theory of everything is ongoing, philosophers have discussed the viability of the concept and analyzed its properties and implications.