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Historically, backtesting was only performed by large institutions and professional money managers due to the expense of obtaining and using detailed datasets. However, backtesting is increasingly used on a wider basis, and independent web-based backtesting platforms have emerged. Although the technique is widely used, it is prone to weaknesses ...
Preprint server with integrated option of peer review by invited experts, suggested by the authors, done openly after publication >1,000 2012 F1000 Research Ltd. FocUS Archive: Ultrasound research A free preprint service for the focused ultrasound research community <100 2018 Center for Open Science: Frenxiv: Multidisciplinary: French server ...
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics: Economics: Free Volunteer Collaboration [125] Rock's Backpages: Music: Primary documents from the history of rock and roll: Subscription. Limited free access with registration. Backpages Limited [127] Russian Science Citation Index: Scientific journals: A bibliographic database of scientific publications in ...
For example, the author points out that Jan Hendrik Schön fabricated results in 15 retracted papers in the dataset he reviewed, all of which were retracted in 2002 and 2003, "so he alone was responsible for 56% of papers retracted for fraud in 2002—2003" (p 252).
Historically, some publishers have used paper galley proofs as advance copies or advance reading copies (ARCs) or as pre-publication publicity proofs. These are provided to reviewers, magazines, and libraries in advance of final publication. These galleys are not sent out for correction, but to ensure timely reviews of newly published works.
This being the case, a keyword can be any term that exists within the document. However, priority is given to words that occur in the title, words that recur numerous times, and words that are explicitly assigned as keywords within the coding. [2] Index terms can be further refined using Boolean operators such as "AND, OR, NOT." "AND" is ...
Fictitious entries on maps may be called phantom settlements, trap streets, [14] paper towns, cartographer's follies, or other names. They are intended to help reveal copyright infringements. [15] They are not to be confused with paper streets, which are streets which are planned but as of the printing of the map have not yet been built.
A 2003 study by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences found that 70% of articles in a random sample of publications about least-developed countries did not include a local research co-author. [ 37 ] Frequently, during this kind of research, the local colleagues might be used to provide logistics support as fixers but are not engaged for their ...