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Farzana Hassan sees these views as an extension of long-standing Christian claims that Muhammad was an impostor and deceiver, and has stated: "Literature circulated by the Christian Coalition perpetuates the popular Christian belief about Islam being a pagan religion, borrowing aspects of Judeo-Christian monotheism by elevating the moon god ...
According to Islamic sources, Meccans and their neighbors believed that the goddesses Al-lāt, Al-‘Uzzá, and Manāt were the daughters of Allah. [2] [29] [31] [32] [35] Regional variants of the word Allah occur in both pagan and Christian pre-Islamic inscriptions.
Pre-Islamic era Islamic tradition 'Amm 'Amm is the moon god of Qataban. [4] His attributes include the lightning bolts. [4] Amm is served by the judge-god Anbay and has the goddess Athirat as his consort. [5] [6] Qatabanians are also known as Banu Amm, or "children of Amm". Attested [a] 'Ammi'anas 'Ammi'anas is a god worshipped by the Khawlan.
The history of Islam is believed by most historians [1] to have originated with Muhammad's mission in Mecca and Medina at the start of the 7th century CE, [2] [3] although Muslims regard this time as a return to the original faith passed down by the Abrahamic prophets, such as Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, David, Solomon, and Jesus, with the submission (Islām) to the will of God.
Jinn are not a strictly Islamic concept; they may represent several pagan beliefs integrated into Islam. [2] [a] Islam places jinn and humans on the same plane in relation to God, both being subject to God's judgement and an afterlife. [4] The Quran condemns the pre-Islamic Arabian practice of worshipping or seeking protection from them. [5]
Altogether, the eight Quranic pagan deities are represented as dominating the religious scene of pre-Islamic Arabia, although the Daughters had a higher status due to their closer proximity to the Hejaz. [10] According to Ibn al-Kalbi, the North Arabian tribe Nizār commonly exclaimed: [11] ‘Here I am, Allāh! Here I am! (Labbayka Allāhumma ...
An important locus of pre-Islamic Arabian monotheism was in the Himyarite Kingdom that ruled over South Arabia, whose ruling class converted to Judaism in the fourth century (roughly when official polytheistic inscriptions stop appearing in the area) who nevertheless present a neutral outwards monotheism in engagement with the public.
Regional variants of the word Allah occur in both pagan and Christian pre-Islamic inscriptions. [10] [31] According to Marshall Hodgson, it seems that in the pre-Islamic times, some Arab Christians made pilgrimage to the Kaaba, a pagan temple at that time, honoring Allah there as God the Creator. [32]