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Alloimmunity is caused by the difference between products of highly polymorphic genes, primarily genes of the major histocompatibility complex, of the donor and graft recipient. These products are recognized by T-lymphocytes and other mononuclear leukocytes which infiltrate the graft and damage it.
Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) is an inflammatory disease that is unique to allogeneic transplantation. It is an attack by the "new" bone marrow's immune cells against the recipient's tissues. This can occur even if the donor and recipient are HLA-identical because the immune system can still recognize other differences between their tissues.
The transplant is called an allograft, allogeneic transplant, or homograft. Most human tissue and organ transplants are allografts. It is contrasted with autotransplantation (from one part of the body to another in the same person), syngenic transplantation of isografts (grafts transplanted between two genetically identical individuals) and ...
It can be seen as a multiple-organ autoimmunity in xenotransplantation experiments of the thymus between different species. [27] Autoimmune disease is a frequent complication after human allogeneic thymus transplantation, found in 42% of subjects over one year post-transplantation. [28]
In allogeneic cell therapy the donor is a different person to the recipient of the cells. [27] In pharmaceutical manufacturing, the allogenic methodology is promising because unmatched allogenic therapies can form the basis of "off the shelf" products. [28]
The differences between autografts and allografts are discussed above. The use of nerve autografts has some disadvantages. One is that the surgeon always creates a defect on the 'donorplace', from where the nerve is taken. Another disadvantage is that when the defect is large, the amount of available autografts may be insufficient.
[4] [6] The greater the difference in MHC between donor and recipient, the more cytotoxic T-cells are recruited to damage the graft, [6] which may be seen via biopsy in solid organ transplants, with increased lymphocyte infiltration indicative of more severe acute cellular rejection. [15]
allogeneic, referring to allotransplantation or an allograft (from other individual of same species). xenogeneic , referring to xenotransplantation or a xenograft (from other species). References