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Mandibular fracture, also known as fracture of the jaw, is a break through the mandibular bone. In about 60% of cases the break occurs in two places. [ 1 ] It may result in a decreased ability to fully open the mouth. [ 1 ]
A skull fracture is a break in one or more of the eight bones that form the cranial portion of the skull, usually occurring as a result of blunt force trauma.If the force of the impact is excessive, the bone may fracture at or near the site of the impact and cause damage to the underlying structures within the skull such as the membranes, blood vessels, and brain.
The Le Fort III fracture (transverse fracture) occurs at the level of the skull base, resulting in complete craniofacial separation of the midface from the base of the skull. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The fracture line extends through the zygomatic arch , the pterygoid plates , the lateral and medial orbital walls , the nasal bones , and the nasal septum .
The mandible may be fractured at its symphysis, body, angle, ramus, and condyle. [4] The zygoma (cheekbone) and the frontal bone (forehead) are other sites for fractures. [13] Fractures may also occur in the bones of the palate and those that come together to form the orbit of the eye.
The communications of each pterygomandibular space are: [1] to the buccal space anteriorly; to the lateral pharyngeal space and peritonsillar space medially (around the medial pterygoid muscle). to the submasseteric space laterally (around the ramus of the mandible) to the parotid space posteriorly; to the deep temporal/infratemporal space ...
The boundaries of each submasseteric space are: the anterior margin of the masseter muscle anteriorly, the parotid gland posteriorly, [1] the zygomatic arch superiorly, [1] the inferior border of the mandible inferiorly, [1] the lateral surface of the mandibular ramus medially (the submasseteric space is superficial to the mandible), [1]
The lateral or orbital surface is divided by a vertical ridge, the posterior lacrimal crest, into two parts. In front of this crest is a longitudinal groove, the lacrimal sulcus ( sulcus lacrimalis ), the inner margin of which unites with the frontal process of the maxilla , and the lacrimal fossa is thus completed.
The temporal bones are situated at the sides and base of the skull, and lateral to the temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex. The temporal bones are overlaid by the sides of the head known as the temples where four of the cranial bones fuse. Each temple is covered by a temporal muscle. The temporal bones house the structures of the ears.