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Las castas.Casta painting showing 16 racial groupings. Anonymous, 18th century, oil on canvas, 148×104 cm, Museo Nacional del Virreinato, Tepotzotlán, Mexico Casta (Spanish:) is a term which means "lineage" in Spanish and Portuguese and has historically been used as a racial and social identifier.
On this consideration is based the common estimation of descent from a union of Indian and European or creole Spaniard." [7] In the early 21st century, the term castizo has also come to mean mixed-race people with light skin, in comparison to mulattos, pardos, cholos, moriscos and coyotes, who would be mixed-race people with darker skin. [8]
Due to many caste-based discriminations in Nepal, the government of Nepal legally abolished the caste-system and criminalized any caste-based discrimination, including "untouchability," in 1963. [8] Untouchability has been outlawed in India, Nepal and Pakistan. However, "untouchability" has not been legally defined.
The other castes were similarly further sub-classified by 19th-century and early-20th-century ethnographers based on numerous criteria ranging from profession, endogamy or exogamy or polygamy, and a host of other factors in a manner similar to castas in Spanish colonies such as Mexico, and caste system studies in British colonies such as India.
Nuns from a group of Dalit Christians, or India's lowest caste who converted to Christianity, protest in New Delhi. AP Photo/Gurinder OsanThe California State University system, America’s ...
Irreligion in Spain is a phenomenon that has existed since at least the 17th century. [2] Secularism became relatively popular among the wealthy (although the majority of the lower classes were still very religious) in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, often associated with anti-clericalism and progressive, republican, anarchist or socialist movements.
A survey in 2002 found that the overwhelming majority of Andalusians, in common with most other Spaniards outside Castile, identified at least as strongly with their Autonomous Community as they did with Spain as a whole. [35] The economy of Andalusia has traditionally been based on agriculture, which is still an important sector.
Its current hegemony in Spain is subtly fostered by neoliberal discourses on educational choice, flexibility and competition. [10] Another Romance language, Catalan is a co-official language in the autonomous communities of the Balearic Islands, Catalonia and the Valencian Community (where it is known as Valencian).