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A signed graph is the special kind of gain graph in which the gain group has order 2. The pair (G, B(Σ)) determined by a signed graph Σ is a special kind of biased graph. The sign group has the special property, not shared by larger gain groups, that the edge signs are determined up to switching by the set B(Σ) of balanced cycles. [19]
Colorized tire footprint pressure distribution. The contact patch is the portion of a vehicle's tire that is in actual contact with the road surface.It is commonly used in the discussion of pneumatic (i.e. pressurized) tires, where the term is used strictly to describe the portion of the tire's tread that touches the road surface.
Pneumatic trail or trail of the tire is a trail-like effect generated by compliant tires rolling on a hard surface and subject to side loads, as in a turn. More technically, it is the distance that the resultant force of side-slip occurs behind the geometric center of the contact patch .
A pair of graphs are said to be cospectral mates if they have the same spectrum, but are non-isomorphic. The smallest pair of cospectral mates is {K 1,4, C 4 ∪ K 1}, comprising the 5-vertex star and the graph union of the 4-vertex cycle and the single-vertex graph [1]. The first example of cospectral graphs was reported by Collatz and ...
They are self-dual: the planar dual of any wheel graph is an isomorphic graph. Every maximal planar graph, other than K 4 = W 4, contains as a subgraph either W 5 or W 6. There is always a Hamiltonian cycle in the wheel graph and there are + cycles in W n (sequence A002061 in the OEIS). The 7 cycles of the wheel graph W 4.
Tire uniformity refers to the dynamic mechanical properties of pneumatic tires as strictly defined by a set of measurement standards and test conditions accepted by global tire and car makers. These standards include the parameters of radial force variation , lateral force variation , conicity, ply steer, radial run-out , lateral run-out , and ...
Further, a difference of 10 pounds per square inch (69 kPa; 0.69 bar) in pressure on a set of duals literally drags the lower pressured tire 2.5 metres per kilometre (13 feet per mile). Moreover, running a tire even briefly on inadequate pressure breaks down the casing and prevents the ability to retread.
The Pacejka tire models are widely used in professional vehicle dynamics simulations, and racing car games, as they are reasonably accurate, easy to program, and solve quickly. A problem with Pacejka's model is that when implemented into computer code, it doesn't work for low speeds (from around the pit-entry speed), because a velocity term in ...