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Vertical integration is the degree to which a firm owns its upstream suppliers and its downstream buyers. The differences depend on where the firm is placed in the order of the supply chain. There are three varieties of vertical integration: backward (upstream) vertical integration, forward (downstream) vertical integration, and balanced (both ...
e. Horizontal integration is the process of a company increasing production of goods or services at the same level of the value chain, in the same industry. A company may do this via internal expansion, acquisition or merger. [1] [2] [3] The process can lead to monopoly if a company captures the vast majority of the market for that product or ...
Keiretsu. A keiretsu ( Japanese: 系列, literally system, series, grouping of enterprises, order of succession) is a set of companies with interlocking business relationships and shareholdings that have dominated the Japanese economy since the second half of the 20th century. In the legal sense, it is a type of business group that is in a ...
Examples. The television industry allows for certain insight when considering vertical integration due to the level of differentiating aspects the market provides. Within this industry, media markets have experienced various occasions in which integrated operators attempt to deter rival program services by means of increasing barriers to entry ...
According to these psychologists, horizontal and vertical décalage are the product of the development of the prefrontal cortex in children, which "contributes to age-related advances in flexible behavior". [8] Certain tests and studies have been conducted to show how horizontal and vertical décalage are related to neural functioning.
Diversification (marketing strategy) Diversification is a corporate strategy to enter into or start new products or product lines, new services or new markets, involving substantially different skills, technology and knowledge. Diversification is one of the four main growth strategies defined by Igor Ansoff in the Ansoff Matrix: [1] Products.
In mathematics, an integral is the continuous analog of a sum, which is used to calculate areas, volumes, and their generalizations. Integration, the process of computing an integral, is one of the two fundamental operations of calculus, [a] the other being differentiation. Integration was initially used to solve problems in mathematics and ...
Multi-level (or multilevel) governance is a term used to describe the way power is spread vertically between levels of government and horizontally across multiple quasi-government and non-governmental organizations and actors. [1] This situation develops because countries have multiple levels of government including local, regional, state ...