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Chalk mining is the extraction of chalk from underground and above ground deposits by mining. [1] Mined chalk is used mostly to make cement and bricks . Chalk mining was widespread in Britain in the 19th century because of the large amount of construction underway (and the Industrial Revolution ). [ 2 ]
Grime's Graves is a large Neolithic flint mining complex in Norfolk, England.It lies 8 km (5.0 mi) north east from Brandon, Suffolk in the East of England.It was worked between c. 2600 and c. 2300 BCE, although production may have continued through the Bronze and Iron Ages and later, owing to the low cost of flint compared with metals.
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In 1225 Henry III gave every man the right to sink a marl pit on his own land. Spreading chalk on the fields was a common practice in the Middle Ages. This appears to have continued into the 19th century. The need for chalk in agriculture supports the theory that the origin of deneholes was for chalk extraction. [citation needed]
From the mid-13th to early 19th centuries the "caves" were created from the mining of flint and lime-burning chalk. Today the caves are a tourist attraction and, although they are called caves, they are entirely man-made and were dug and used as chalk and flint mines. The earliest recorded mention of the mines and lime-burning kilns above dates ...
The chalk pits expose sands and gravels which are associated with the ancient course of the River Thames. [150] The site has been occupied by early humans at several different periods, [ 151 ] and MIS9 , between about 335,000 and 280,000 years ago, is often informally called the Purfleet interglacial.
All the chalk was deposited between 100 million and 66 million years ago when the area was at the bottom of a shallow sea and some distance from the nearest land. [2] The chalk is often covered by a clay-with-flints deposit, which is formed of the weathered remnants of Cenozoic rocks and chalk. [1] [3]
Purfleet Chalk Pits is a 10.7-hectare (26-acre) geological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Purfleet in Essex. [1] [2] It is a Geological Conservation Review site.[3]The chalk pits expose sands and gravels which are associated with the ancient course of the River Thames.