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Conversely, a direction or plane is said to be horizontal (or leveled) if it is perpendicular to the vertical direction. In general, something that is vertical can be drawn from up to down (or down to up), such as the y-axis in the Cartesian coordinate system .
Orientation (geometry) Changing orientation of a rigid body is the same as rotating the axes of a reference frame attached to it. In geometry, the orientation, attitude, bearing, direction, or angular position of an object – such as a line, plane or rigid body – is part of the description of how it is placed in the space it occupies. [1]
Common geometric terms of location are: Radial – along a direction pointing along a radius from the center of an object, or perpendicular to a curved path. Circumferential (or azimuthal) – following around a curve or circumference of an object. For instance: the pattern of cells in Taylor–Couette flow varies along the azimuth of the ...
An azimuth (/ ˈæzəməθ / ⓘ; from Arabic: اَلسُّمُوت, romanized:as-sumūt, lit. 'the directions') [ 1 ] is the horizontal angle from a cardinal direction, most commonly north, in a local or observer-centric spherical coordinate system. Mathematically, the relative position vector from an observer (origin) to a point of interest ...
Diagram showing the relationship between the zenith, the nadir, and different types of horizon.Note that the zenith is opposite the nadir. The nadir [a] [b] is the direction pointing directly below a particular location; that is, it is one of two vertical directions at a specified location, orthogonal to a horizontal flat surface.
Direction determination refers to the ways in which a cardinal direction or compass point can be determined in navigation and wayfinding.The most direct method is using a compass (magnetic compass or gyrocompass), but indirect methods exist, based on the Sun path (unaided or by using a watch or sundial), the stars, and satellite navigation.
However, for someone on a 1,000 m (3,300 ft) hill looking out across the sea, the true horizon will be about a degree below a horizontal line. In astronomy, the horizon is the horizontal plane through the eyes of the observer. It is the fundamental plane of the horizontal coordinate system, the locus of points that have an altitude of zero ...
32-point compass rose. The points of the compass are a set of horizontal, radially arrayed compass directions (or azimuths) used in navigation and cartography.A compass rose is primarily composed of four cardinal directions—north, east, south, and west—each separated by 90 degrees, and secondarily divided by four ordinal (intercardinal) directions—northeast, southeast, southwest, and ...