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Walther Penck (30 August 1888 – 29 September 1923) was a geologist [1] and geomorphologist [1] known for his theories on landscape evolution. Penck is noted for criticizing key elements of the Davisian cycle of erosion , concluding that the process of uplift and denudation occur simultaneously, at gradual and continuous rates. [ 2 ]
During most of the 20th century three models of hillslope evolution were widely diffused: slope decline, slope replacement and parallel slope retreat. Until the 1950s models of hillslope form evolution were central in geomorphology. The modern understanding is that the evolution of slopes is much more complex than the classical models of ...
Darwin's evolution theory was a lesser influence relative to Neo-Lamarckism. The impact of these ideas can be hinted in the models' employment of the concept of "evolution" rather than "change", implying a predictable direction of landscape and landform change. [19] It has been argued that "Davis consciously applied Darwinism to landscape". [20]
A landscape evolution model is a physically-based numerical model that simulates changing terrain over the course of time. The change in, or evolution of, terrain, can be due to: glacial or fluvial erosion, sediment transport and deposition, regolith production, the slow movement of material on hillslopes, more intermittent events such as rockfalls, debris flows, landslides, and other surface ...
An early popular geomorphic model was the geographical cycle or cycle of erosion model of broad-scale landscape evolution developed by William Morris Davis between 1884 and 1899. [11] It was an elaboration of the uniformitarianism theory that had first been proposed by James Hutton (1726–1797). [24]
Penck's theory, while ultimately being ignored, returned to denudation and uplift occurring simultaneously and relying on continental mobility, even though Penck rejected continental drift. The Davisian and Penckian models were heavily debated for a few decades until Penck's was ignored and support for Davis's waned after his death as more ...
The foundation of climatic geomorphology in Germany lies according to Hanna Bremer in Albrecht Penck, Siegfried Passarge and Alfred Hettner's preference of field observations over theory. [20] Likely it was Büdel, a student of Brückner and Penck, [ 20 ] who coined the term "climatic geomorphology". [ 19 ]
When Davis retired from Harvard in 1911, the study of landscape evolution was nearly monopolized by his theories. It was characteristic of Davis to react violently and disdainfully to criticism, particularly to the German criticism in the 1920s headed by Walther Penck ; it was also his characteristic to choose to attack the most vulnerable ...