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DNA polymerase theta is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the POLQ gene. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] This polymerase plays a key role in one of the three major double strand break repair pathways: theta-mediated end joining (TMEJ).
Polymerase theta also uses its polymerase activity to conduct fill-in synthesis, which helps to stabilize paired ends. Helicase Q, which is conserved in humans, is necessary for polymerase theta-independent MMEJ, as shown using mutational footprint analyses in Caenorrhabditis elegans .
DNA polymerase's ability to slide along the DNA template allows increased processivity. There is a dramatic increase in processivity at the replication fork. This increase is facilitated by the DNA polymerase's association with proteins known as the sliding DNA clamp. The clamps are multiple protein subunits associated in the shape of a ring.
Once priming is complete, DNA polymerase III holoenzyme is loaded into the DNA and replication begins. The catalytic mechanism of DNA polymerase III involves the use of two metal ions in the active site, and a region in the active site that can discriminate between deoxyribonucleotides and ribonucleotides.
Double-strand breaks can be repaired through homologous recombination, polymerase theta-mediated end joining (TMEJ) or through non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). [28] NHEJ is a DNA repair mechanism which, unlike homologous recombination, does not require a long homologous sequence to guide repair.
The palm carries the polymerase active site, whereas the fingers bind substrates (template DNA and nucleoside triphosphates). [12] [14] The exonuclease activity is in a separate protein domain. [12] Mg 2+ is a cofactor. The polymerase active site in the palm catalyses the prolongation of DNA, starting from a primer bound to a template DNA ...
DNA polymerase III synthesizes base pairs at a rate of around 1000 nucleotides per second. [3] DNA Pol III activity begins after strand separation at the origin of replication. Because DNA synthesis cannot start de novo, an RNA primer, complementary to part of the single-stranded DNA, is synthesized by primase (an RNA polymerase): [citation ...
Structure of Taq DNA polymerase. In biochemistry, a polymerase is an enzyme (EC 2.7.7.6/7/19/48/49) that synthesizes long chains of polymers or nucleic acids. DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase are used to assemble DNA and RNA molecules, respectively, by copying a DNA template strand using base-pairing interactions or RNA by half ladder replication.
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