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An existential graph is a type of diagrammatic or visual notation for logical expressions, created by Charles Sanders Peirce, who wrote on graphical logic as early as 1882, [1] and continued to develop the method until his death in 1914.
A logical graph is a special type of graph-theoretic structure in any one of several systems of graphical syntax that Charles Sanders Peirce developed for logic.. In his papers on qualitative logic, entitative graphs, and existential graphs, Peirce developed several versions of a graphical formalism, or a graph-theoretic formal language, designed to be interpreted for logic.
The existential closure in K of a member M of K, when it exists, is, up to isomorphism, the least existentially closed superstructure of M. More precisely, it is any extensionally closed superstructure M ∗ of M such that for every existentially closed superstructure N of M , M ∗ is isomorphic to a substructure of N via an isomorphism that ...
―Existential Graphs: What the Diagrammatic Logic of Cognition Might Look Like‖, History and Philosophy of Logic 32(3), 265-281.30 Pietarinen, Ahti-Veikko & Snellman, Lauri (2006). ―On Peirce's Late Proof of Pragmaticism‖, in T. Aho and A.-V. Pietarinen (eds), Truth and Games, Helsinki: Acta Philosophica Fennica 78, 275-288.
It is also possible to represent logical descriptions using semantic networks such as the existential graphs of Charles Sanders Peirce or the related conceptual graphs of John F. Sowa. [1] These have expressive power equal to or exceeding standard first-order predicate logic. Unlike WordNet or other lexical or browsing networks, semantic ...
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Around 1895, Peirce began developing his existential graphs, whose variables can be seen as tacitly quantified. Whether the shallowest instance of a variable is even or odd determines whether that variable's quantification is universal or existential. (Shallowness is the contrary of depth, which is determined by the nesting of negations.)