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Sarcopenia (ICD-10-CM code M62.84 [1]) is a type of muscle loss that occurs with aging and/or immobility. It is characterized by the degenerative loss of skeletal muscle mass, quality, and strength. The rate of muscle loss is dependent on exercise level, co-morbidities, nutrition and other factors.
[2] [4] A slow onset and a lack of pain or sensorial symptoms are arguments against a lesion of the spinal root or plexus brachialis. [4] To an extent, these features can also be seen in normal aging (although technically, the apparent muscle wasting is sarcopenia rather than atrophy). [5]
Sarcopenia can lead to reduction in functional status and cause significant disability but is a distinct condition from cachexia although they may co-exist. [ 8 ] [ 11 ] In 2016 an ICD code for sarcopenia was released, contributing to its acceptance as a disease entity.
Society on Sarcopenia, Cachexia and Wasting Disorders (SCWD) is an international and multidisciplinary non-profit organization, created in 2008 that focuses on cachexia [1] and sarcopenia. [2] As they are often under-diagnosed, patient groups aim to improve their awareness. [ 3 ]
Sarcopenic obesity is a combination of two disease states, sarcopenia and obesity. Sarcopenia is the muscle mass/strength/physical function loss associated with increased age, [ 1 ] and obesity is based off a weight to height ratio or body mass index (BMI) that is characterized by high body fat or being overweight.
Cachexia and sarcopenia are similar because both cause weight and muscle loss, along with symptoms like weakness and loss of appetite. [12] The difference is sarcopenia is caused by aging, while cachexia happens due to long-term disease and inflammation. [11] [12]
Signs and symptoms of neuropathic pain include allodynia (pain caused by non-painful stimuli), hyperalgesia (an increase in pain perception due to painful stimuli), and paresthesia (abnormal sensations such as needle bites, tingling, itching, and decreased or loss of sensitivity). [17] Chronic visceral cancer pain; Chronic bone cancer pain
Signs and symptoms are also applied to physiological states outside the context of disease, as for example when referring to the signs and symptoms of pregnancy, or the symptoms of dehydration. Sometimes a disease may be present without showing any signs or symptoms when it is known as being asymptomatic . [ 13 ]
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