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During the peak of the Black power movement in the late 1960s and early 1970s, many African Americans adopted "Afro" hairstyles, African clothes, or African names (such as Stokely Carmichael, the chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee who popularized the phrase "Black power" and later changed his name to Kwame Ture) to ...
Most of these actions were defensive in nature rather than retaliatory, it was not until the Harlem riots of 1935 and 1943 that African Americans seemed to take initiative in violent conflicts. By the 1950s and 1960s, significant societal changes had taken place which fostered conditions for much more open rebellion. [2]
Most early 1960s civil rights leaders did not believe in physically violent retaliation. However, much of the African-American rank-and-file, especially those leaders with strong working-class ties, tended to complement nonviolent action with armed self-defense.
This was one small role Baltimore played in the civil rights movement of the 1960s. The city facilitated social movements as it saw bus and taxi companies hiring African Americans in 1951–1952. [4] Sit-ins also frequented segregated facilities in Oklahoma City between 1958 and 1964. [5]
The status quo ante of excluding African Americans from the political system lasted in the remainder of the South, especially North Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama, until national civil rights legislation was passed in the mid-1960s to provide federal enforcement of constitutional voting rights.
However, Selective Service System deferments, military assignments, and especially the recruits accepted through Project 100,000 resulted in a greater representation of blacks in combat in the Vietnam War in the second half of the 1960s. [30] [31] African Americans represented 11% of the US population but 12.6% of troops sent to Vietnam. [5]
Lyndon Johnson signs the Voting Rights Act of 1965. African Americans were fully enfranchised in practice throughout the United States by the Voting Rights Act of 1965.Prior to the Civil War and the Reconstruction Amendments to the U.S. Constitution, some Black people in the United States had the right to vote, but this right was often abridged or taken away.
Moreover, the African-American population had become highly urbanized. In 1900, only one-fifth of African Americans in the South were living in urban areas. [13] By 1960, half of the African Americans in the South lived in urban areas, [13] and by 1970, more than 80% of African Americans nationwide lived in cities. [14] In 1991, Nicholas Lemann ...