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Main article: Flavonoid biosynthesis. Flavonoids are secondary metabolites synthesized mainly by plants. The general structure of flavonoids is a fifteen-carbon skeleton, containing two benzene rings connected by a three-carbon linking chain. [ 1 ] Therefore, they are depicted as C6-C3-C6 compounds.
Proanthocyanidin. Proanthocyanidins are a class of polyphenols found in many plants, such as cranberry, blueberry, and grape seeds. Chemically, they are oligomeric flavonoids. Many are oligomers of catechin and epicatechin and their gallic acid esters.
Fisetin (7,3′,4′- flavon-3-ol) is a plant flavonol from the flavonoid group of polyphenols. [1] It can be found in many plants, where it serves as a yellow/ ochre colouring agent. It is also found in many fruits and vegetables, such as strawberries, apples, persimmons, onions and cucumbers. [2]
Apigenin is found in many fruits and vegetables, but parsley, celery, celeriac, and chamomile tea are the most common sources. [3] Apigenin is particularly abundant in the flowers of chamomile plants, constituting 68% of total flavonoids. [4]
Polyphenols (/ ˌpɒliˈfiːnoʊl, - nɒl /) are a large family of naturally occurring phenols. [ 1 ] They are abundant in plants and structurally diverse. [ 1 ][ 2 ][ 3 ] Polyphenols include phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannic acid, and ellagitannin, some of which have been used historically as dyes and for tanning garments.
Quercetin is a plant flavonol from the flavonoid group of polyphenols. It is found in many fruits, vegetables, leaves, seeds, and grains; capers, red onions, and kale are common foods containing appreciable amounts of it. [2] [3] It has a bitter flavor and is used as an ingredient in dietary supplements, beverages, and foods.
Daily flavonoid-rich food intake may lower dementia risk by 28%. Flavonoid-rich foods, such as berries, and beverages, such as green tea, could help lower a person’s risk of dementia. Image ...
Rutin is a citrus flavonoid glycoside found in many plants, including buckwheat, [7] the leaves and petioles of Rheum species, and asparagus. Tartary buckwheat seeds have been found to contain more rutin (about 0.8–1.7% dry weight) than common buckwheat seeds (0.01% dry weight). [7]