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hide. The health effects of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) include a range of potential risks such as exposure to toxic chemicals, the possibility of increased likelihood of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, and concerns about their possible role in cancer development. Upon their introduction, there were marketing claims that they ...
Personality disorders (PD) are a class of mental disorders characterized by enduring maladaptive patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experience, exhibited across many contexts and deviating from those accepted by the individual's culture. [ 1 ] These patterns develop early, are inflexible, and are associated with significant distress or ...
e. Borderline personality disorder (BPD), also known as emotionally unstable personality disorder (EUPD), [16] is a personality disorder characterized by a pervasive, long-term pattern of significant interpersonal relationship instability, a distorted sense of self, and intense emotional responses. [9][17][18] People diagnosed with BPD ...
t. e. Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is a personality disorder characterized by a life-long pattern of exaggerated feelings of self-importance, an excessive need for admiration, and a diminished ability to empathize with other people's feelings. Narcissistic personality disorder is one of the sub-types of the broader category known as ...
v. t. e. Schizoid personality disorder (/ ˈskɪtsɔɪd, ˈskɪdzɔɪd, ˈskɪzɔɪd /, often abbreviated as SzPD or ScPD) is a personality disorder characterized by a lack of interest in social relationships, [ 9 ] a tendency toward a solitary or sheltered lifestyle, secretiveness, emotional coldness, detachment, and apathy.
Schizotypal personality disorder (StPD or SPD), also known as schizotypal disorder, is a cluster A personality disorder. [4] [5] The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) classification describes the disorder specifically as a personality disorder characterized by thought disorder, paranoia, a characteristic form of social anxiety, derealization, transient psychosis, and ...
Dissociative identity disorder [1] [2]; Other names: Multiple personality disorder Split personality disorder: Specialty: Psychiatry, clinical psychology: Symptoms: At least two distinct and relatively enduring personality states, [3] recurrent episodes of dissociative amnesia, [3] inexplicable intrusions into consciousness (e.g., voices, intrusive thoughts, impulses, trauma-related beliefs ...
Dimensional models are intended to reflect what constitutes personality disorder symptomology according to a spectrum, rather than in a dichotomous way.As a result of this they have been used in three key ways; firstly to try to generate more accurate clinical diagnoses, secondly to develop more effective treatments and thirdly to determine the underlying etiology of disorders.