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Phage display is also a widely used method for in vitro protein evolution (also called protein engineering). As such, phage display is a useful tool in drug discovery. It is used for finding new ligands (enzyme inhibitors, receptor agonists and antagonists) to target proteins.
In immunology, affinity maturation is the process by which T FH cell-activated B cells produce antibodies with increased affinity for antigen during the course of an immune response. With repeated exposures to the same antigen, a host will produce antibodies of successively greater affinities .
There are technologies that completely avoid the use of mice or other non-human mammals in the process of discovering antibodies for human therapy. Examples of such systems include various "display" methods (primarily phage display) as well as methods that exploit the elevated B-cell levels that occur during a human immune response.
In addition to the formed antibodies in the body there remains a small number of memory T and B cells that make up the cellular component of the immunological memory. They stay in blood circulation in a resting state and at the subsequent encounter with the same antigen these cells are able to respond immediately and eliminate the antigen.
The end result is the peptides produced by bacteriophage are specific. The resulting filamentous phages can infect gram-negative bacteria once again to produce phage libraries. The cycle can occur many times resulting with strong affinity binding peptides to the target.
Both scFv and Fab fragment recombinant antibodies are routinely produced using the antibody phage display. [10] From all the possible phage display systems, the most common is the Escherichia coli , due to its rapid growth and division rate and cheap set up and maintenance.
1) Antibodies (A) and pathogens (B) circular in the blood. 2) The antibodies bind to pathogens with complementary antigen sequences, engaging in opsonization (2a), neutralisation (2b), and agglutination (2c). 3) A phagocyte (C) approaches the pathogen, and Fc region (D) of the antibody binds to one of the Fc receptors (E) on the phagocyte.
The phage's life cycle is designed in such a way that the transfer is correlated with the activity of interest from the enzyme. This method is advantageous because it requires minimal human intervention for the continuous evolution of the gene.