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The backfire effect is a name for the finding that given evidence against their beliefs, people can reject the evidence and believe even more strongly. [138] [139] The phrase was coined by Brendan Nyhan and Jason Reifler in 2010. [140] However, subsequent research has since failed to replicate findings supporting the backfire effect. [141]
Political beliefs depend most strongly on the political beliefs most common in the community where one lives. [87] Most individuals believe the religion they were taught in childhood. [88] Charismatic leaders can form or modify beliefs (even if those beliefs fly in the face of all previous beliefs). [89]
Eternal security, also known as "once saved, always saved" is the belief providing Christian believers with absolute assurance of their final salvation.Its development, particularly within Protestantism, has given rise to diverse interpretations, especially in relation with the defining aspects of theological determinism, libertarian free will and the significance of personal perseverance.
Quoting Moreland, faith is defined as "a trust in and commitment to what we have reason to believe is true". Regarding doubting Thomas in John 20:24–31, Williams points out that "Thomas wasn't asked to believe without evidence". He was asked to believe based on the other disciples' testimony.
Belief perseverance (also known as conceptual conservatism [1]) is maintaining a belief despite new information that firmly contradicts it. [2]Since rationality involves conceptual flexibility, [3] [4] belief perseverance is consistent with the view that human beings act at times in an irrational manner.
Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that examines the nature, origin, and limits of knowledge.Also called theory of knowledge, it explores different types of knowledge, such as propositional knowledge about facts, practical knowledge in the form of skills, and knowledge by acquaintance as a familiarity through experience.
In other words, which group would be more susceptible depends on how misinformation is crafted to create alignment with people of that group’s beliefs.” ... strongly believe that the onus [to ...
Knowledge is a form of familiarity, awareness, understanding, or acquaintance.It often involves the possession of information learned through experience [1] and can be understood as a cognitive success or an epistemic contact with reality, like making a discovery. [2]