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The blue area above the x-axis may be specified as positive area, while the yellow area below the x-axis is the negative area. The integral of a real function can be imagined as the signed area between the x {\displaystyle x} -axis and the curve y = f ( x ) {\displaystyle y=f(x)} over an interval [ a , b ].
Each term in the sum is the product of the value of the function at a given point and the length of an interval. Consequently, each term represents the (signed) area of a rectangle with height f(t i) and width x i + 1 − x i. The Riemann sum is the (signed) area of all the rectangles. Closely related concepts are the lower and upper Darboux sums.
Many mathematical problems have been stated but not yet solved. These problems come from many areas of mathematics, such as theoretical physics, computer science, algebra, analysis, combinatorics, algebraic, differential, discrete and Euclidean geometries, graph theory, group theory, model theory, number theory, set theory, Ramsey theory, dynamical systems, and partial differential equations.
In fact, it is relatively easy to see that the exterior product should be related to the signed area if one tries to axiomatize this area as an algebraic construct. In detail, if A(v, w) denotes the signed area of the parallelogram of which the pair of vectors v and w form two adjacent sides, then A must satisfy the following properties:
Functions that maximize or minimize functionals may be found using the Euler–Lagrange equation of the calculus of variations. A simple example of such a problem is to find the curve of shortest length connecting two points. If there are no constraints, the solution is a straight line between the points. However, if the curve is constrained to ...
A net = is said to be frequently or cofinally in if for every there exists some such that and . [5] A point is said to be an accumulation point or cluster point of a net if for every neighborhood of , the net is frequently/cofinally in . [5] In fact, is a cluster point if and only if it has a subnet that converges to . [6] The set of all ...
Shoelace scheme for determining the area of a polygon with point coordinates (,),..., (,). The shoelace formula, also known as Gauss's area formula and the surveyor's formula, [1] is a mathematical algorithm to determine the area of a simple polygon whose vertices are described by their Cartesian coordinates in the plane. [2]
Is a subfield of calculus [30] concerned with the study of the rates at which quantities change. It is one of the two traditional divisions of calculus, the other being integral calculus, the study of the area beneath a curve. [31] differential equation Is a mathematical equation that relates some function with its derivatives. In applications ...
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