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Mancozeb is a dithiocarbamate non-systemic agricultural fungicide with multi-site, protective action on contact. It is a combination of two other dithiocarbamates: maneb and zineb . [ 1 ] The mixture controls many fungal diseases in a wide range of field crops, fruits, nuts, vegetables, and ornamentals.
Azoxystrobin is a broad spectrum systemic fungicide widely used in agriculture to protect crops from fungal diseases. It was first marketed in 1996 using the brand name Amistar and by 1999 it had been registered in 48 countries on more than 50 crops.
Metalaxyl is an acylalanine fungicide with systemic function. [3] Its chemical name is methyl N-(methoxyacetyl)-N-(2,6-xylyl)-DL-alaninate. It can be used to control Pythium in a number of vegetable crops, and Phytophthora in peas.
Exposure to maneb is also shown to induce a Parkinson's disease like neurotoxicity in mice. [2] It is still challenged whether maneb, along with Paraquat, is an environmental risk factor for Parkinson's disease. [3] [4]
Chlorothalonil (2,4,5,6-tetrachloroisophthalonitrile) is an organic compound mainly used as a broad spectrum, nonsystemic fungicide, with other uses as a wood protectant, pesticide, acaricide, and to control mold, mildew, bacteria, algae. [2]
The fungicide is used to control plant diseases in cereals and fruits, including citrus, bananas, strawberries, macadamia nuts, pineapples, and pomes. [3] A 4.7% solution of carbendazim hydrochloride, sold as Eertavas, is marketed as a treatment for Dutch elm disease .
Fluxapyroxad has a low toxicity for humans, slightly toxic after a single ingestion, and relatively non-toxic after single inhalation or topical skin contact. However, fluxapyroxad is highly toxic to fish, fresh-water and salt-water invertebrates, and to aquatic plants, as well as being toxic to small mammals.
Fungicides like mancozeb, copper oxychloride, and sulfur inhibit Aspergillus ochraceus growth at appropriate doses, temperature and time. [12] These fungicides also decrease the capacity of this fungus to produce the mycotoxin OTA. [12] Ozonated air can be used to prevent the growth of this fungus on foods products like sausages. [36]