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β 2-glycoprotein 1, also known as beta-2 glycoprotein 1 and Apolipoprotein H (Apo-H), is a 38 kDa multifunctional plasma protein that in humans is encoded by the APOH gene. [5] One of its functions is to bind cardiolipin. When bound, the structure of cardiolipin and β 2-GP1 both undergo large changes in structure. [6]
In autoimmune disease, anti-apolipoprotein H (AAHA) antibodies, also called anti-β 2 glycoprotein I antibodies, comprise a subset of anti-cardiolipin antibodies and lupus anticoagulant. These antibodies are involved in sclerosis and are strongly associated with thrombotic forms of lupus. [ 1 ]
As IgM, IgG or IgA; As β 2-glycoprotein dependent or independent In autoimmune disease, ACA are beta-2 glycoprotein dependent; In syphilis, ACA [1] are beta-2 glycoprotein independent and can be assayed using the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test
beta-2 microglobulin; The ligands for TCRs are major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins. These come in two forms; MHC class I forms a dimer with a molecule called beta-2 microglobulin (β2M) and interacts with the TCR on cytotoxic T cells and MHC class II has two chains (alpha and beta) that interact with the TCR on helper T cells. MHC ...
Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is the largest of several isotypes of antibodies (also known as immunoglobulin) that are produced by vertebrates.IgM is the first antibody to appear in the response to initial exposure to an antigen; [1] [2] causing it to also be called an acute phase antibody.
Mechanism of class-switch recombination that allows isotype switching in activated B cells. Immunoglobulin class switching, also known as isotype switching, isotypic commutation or class-switch recombination (CSR), is a biological mechanism that changes a B cell's production of immunoglobulin from one type to another, such as from the isotype IgM to the isotype IgG. [1]
The mechanism of adrenoreceptors. Adrenaline or noradrenaline are receptor ligands to either α 1, α 2 or β-adrenoreceptors. The α 1 couples to G q, which results in increased intracellular Ca 2+ and subsequent smooth muscle contraction. The α 2, on the other hand, couples to G i, which causes a decrease in neurotransmitter release, as well ...
[1] The immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) is the large polypeptide subunit of an antibody (immunoglobulin). In human genome, the IgH gene loci are on chromosome 14. A typical antibody is composed of two immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chains and two Ig light chains. Several different types of heavy chain exist that define the class or isotype of an ...
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