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A permanent downhole gauge (PDG) is a pressure and/or temperature gauge permanently installed in an oil or gas well. [1] These gauges are typically installed in the tubing in the well and can measure the tubing pressure, annulus pressure, or both.
The parent of all mercury pressure gauges is the mercury barometer invented by Evangelista Torricelli in 1643. [15] An early engineering application of the mercury pressure gauge was to measure pressure in steam boilers during the age of steam. The first use on steam engines was by James Watt while developing the Watt steam engine between 1763 ...
Strain-Gauge: Strain gauge based pressure sensors also use a pressure sensitive element where metal strain gauges are glued on or thin-film gauges are applied on by sputtering. This measuring element can either be a diaphragm or for metal foil gauges measuring bodies in can-type can also be used.
Bell nipple: An enlarged pipe at the top of a casing string that serves as a funnel to guide drilling tools into the top of the well. Big bear: A big bear is a hitch (see hitch) that lasts a minimum of 50 straight days. Black Leg : Joints of pipe racked back in the derrick. Blowout: A sudden, uncontrolled release of underground pressure from ...
Compass navigation is a matter of training, practice and familiarity with the use of underwater compasses, combined with various techniques for reckoning distance underwater, including kick cycles (one complete upward and downward sweep of a kick), time, and occasionally by actual measurement, which may involve the length of umbilical deployed ...
A special form of the Pirani gauge is the pulsed Pirani vacuum gauge where the sensor wire is not operated at a constant temperature, but is cyclically heated up to a certain temperature threshold by an increasing voltage ramp. When the threshold is reached, the heating voltage is switched off and the sensor cools down again.
Gears in the register convert the motion of the measuring element to the proper usage increment for display on the sweep hand and the odometer-style wheels. Many registers also have a leak detector. This is a small visible disk or hand that is geared closer to the rotation speed of the drive magnet, so that very small flows that would be ...
CITHP – closed-in tubing head pressure (tubing head pressure when the well is shut in) CIV – chemical injection valve CK – choke (a restriction in a flowline or a system, usually referring to a production choke during a test or the choke in the well control system)