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The middle turbinates insert anteriorly into the frontal process of the maxilla and posteriorly into the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. [1] There are three mutually perpendicular segments of the middle turbinate: from proximal to distal, there is the horizontal segment ( axial plane ), the basal lamella ( coronal plane ), and the ...
The conchae are located laterally in the nasal cavities, curling medially and downward into the nasal airway. Each pair is composed of one concha in either side of the nasal cavity, divided by the septum. [4] The superior conchae are smaller structures, connected to the middle conchae by nerve-endings, and serve to protect the olfactory bulb.
The ethmoid bone is an anterior cranial bone located between the eyes. [3] It contributes to the medial wall of the orbit, the nasal cavity, and the nasal septum. [3] The ethmoid has three parts: cribriform plate, ethmoidal labyrinth, and perpendicular plate.
The uncinate process can be attached to either the lateral nasal wall, on the lamina papyracea (50%), the anterior cranial fossa, on the ethmoidal roof (25%), or the middle concha (25%). The superior attachment of the uncinate process determines the drainage pattern of the frontal sinus.
The borders of each nasal cavity are a roof, floor, medial wall (the septum), and lateral wall. [2] [3] The middle part of the roof of the nasal cavity is composed of the horizontal, perforated cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, through which pass sensory fibres of the olfactory nerve into the cranial cavity. [2]
The ethmoidal labyrinth or lateral mass of the ethmoid bone consists of a number of thin-walled cellular cavities, the ethmoid air cells, arranged in three groups, anterior, middle, and posterior, and interposed between two vertical plates of bone; the lateral plate forms part of the orbit, the medial plate forms part of the nasal cavity.
The basal lamella is continuous medially with the bony middle nasal concha. [7] Anteriorly, it vertically inserts into the ethmoid crest; the middle part attaches obliquely into the orbital lamina of ethmoid bone (lamina papyricea) while the posterior part attaches into the orbital lamina horizontally. [5]
The facial skeleton comprises the facial bones that may attach to build a portion of the skull. [1] The remainder of the skull is the neurocranium.. In human anatomy and development, the facial skeleton is sometimes called the membranous viscerocranium, which comprises the mandible and dermatocranial elements that are not part of the braincase.