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In telecommunications, the free-space path loss (FSPL) (also known as free-space loss, FSL) is the attenuation of radio energy between the feedpoints of two antennas that results from the combination of the receiving antenna's capture area plus the obstacle-free, line-of-sight (LoS) path through free space (usually air). [1]
When alternating current flows in a conductor it radiates an electromagnetic wave (radio wave). In multi-element antennas, the fields due to currents in one element induce currents in the other elements. Antennas are self-interacting in this respect; the waves reradiated by the elements superimpose on the original radio signal being studied.
4×4 array of 2.4 GHz patch antenna elements Patch antenna gain pattern. A patch antenna is a type of antenna with a low profile, usually consisting of a printed circuit board. It consists of a planar rectangular or circular sheet or "patch" of metal, mounted over a larger sheet of metal called a ground plane. It is the original type of ...
The far-field range was the original antenna measurement technique, and the simplest; it consists of placing the antenna under test (AUT) a long distance away from the instrumentation antenna. Generally, the far-field distance or Fraunhofer distance , D F r n h , {\displaystyle \ D_{\mathsf {Frnh}}\ ,} is considered to be
Directional antennas concentrate the power in a specific direction, called the bore sight, and are widely used in point to point applications, like wireless bridges and satellite communications. Sectorial antennas concentrate the power in a wider region, typically embracing 45º, 60º, 90º or 120º. They are routinely deployed in Cellular towers.
The testing and basis functions are often chosen to be the same; this is known as the Galerkin method. [29] Depending on the application and studied structure, the testing and basis functions should be chosen appropriately to ensure convergence and accuracy, as well as to prevent possible high order algebraic singularities .
A patch antenna is a narrowband, wide-beam antenna fabricated by etching the antenna element pattern in metal trace bonded to an insulating dielectric substrate, such as a printed circuit board, with a continuous metal layer bonded to the opposite side of the substrate which forms a ground plane. Common microstrip antenna shapes are square ...
Although no real antenna can be exactly isotropic, a few antennas are built to be as near to isotropic as possible; they are used for emergency backup antennas and for test equipment for other antennas: Because the received and transmitted signal strength is the same in (almost) every direction, they work without any need for them to be any ...